Social Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Social Capital - Essay Example nt methodologies that can be used to measure it, identify social concepts that can be addressed by social capital and lastly explain how social capital can solve problems in a specific organisation. The organisation chosen for analysis is the Environmental Protection Agency Queensland. This will be the focal point in the last portion of the essay as I work in this organisation. Many groups and individuals have attempted to define social capital. However, some of the statements passed of as definitions are in fact depictions of social capital and not the actual thing. Social capital may be defined as the informal and instantiated norm that acts as a means for promoting cooperation between individuals. Norms in this case may refer to the cases of reciprocation between two people or they may refer to complex doctrines from major religions such as Christianity. The most important aspect here is that these norms have to be engrained into a real human relationship. (Stayner, 1997: p7) The issue of reciprocation is something that potentially exists among all people but is usually evident when dealing with friends. In other words, other aspects such as civil society, trust and networks are only products of social capital but do not form part of the actual definition. It should be noted here that institutional norms do not just apply to any kind of norms. The norms under consideration in social capital are those ones that can cause an actual increase in the level of cooperation between certain groups. These norms must be linked to certain values that include honesty, reciprocity, performance of duties among others. This also means that other norms applicable in specific scenarios may not qualify as suitable ones in social capital. For instance, in some parts of Italy, there is great cohesion between members of the family but outside the family unit; individuals are allowed to take advantage of one another. Those norms are not acceptable in the definition of social

Response ro 4 students with no more than 60 words; Place 2 referencess Assignment

Response ro 4 students with no more than 60 words; Place 2 referencess for each student's response and indicate which student responded to before each response - Assignment Example The dissertation prospect covers effectively the role of NCR in planning and responding to disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Disasters outcome are such as negative impact on economic, political and security in a nation, and deaths of citizens. Marilyn’s prospect is not diversified various intergovernmental collaboration. Eller, W. S., & Gerber, B. J. (2010). Contemplating the role of precision and range in homeland security policy analysis: A Response to Mueller. Policy Studies Journal, 38(1), 23-39. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2009.00342.x Alade’s dissertation focuses on the development of new nations in the West Africa. The prospect agrees with the bases formulated by the authors on why the West African region has no unity. The issues hindering the realization are not presented effectively as indicated by the authors focusing on political unification of the West Africa countries, which according to Lavergne 1997, are located at a fragmented and marginalized region. Psychological mental illnesses possess a great danger to individuals around the victim. The prospect agrees with the authors, Diamond and Stephen 2007 in that, mental illness cause aggression to victims. The various methodology used are effective because they relate to the forensic psychologist responsible for studying people’s minds and behavior changes. Abnormal human behavior indicates mental illness that increase terrorism acts in a state (Poland, James

The Alarming Increase In Earths Temperature Environmental Sciences Essay

The Alarming Increase In Earths Temperature Environmental Sciences Essay These days every one agrees upon the fact that there is something strange and worrying happening to the atmosphere. Climate change and global warming are issues which are concerned with every individual living around the globe. Almost each and every individual is affected by the change in climatic conditions and alarming increase in earths temperature.. Literature review Definitions Climate change refers to a change in earths weather which includes the change in global temperature, wind patterns, and rainfall. The green house effect is considered a major reason for climate change. The green house effect is a phenomenon which describes the earth as a green house made up of glass which allows light of the sun to enter but then traps it, preventing it from escaping. A green house is a structure made up of glass used for commercial purposes such as producing off season vegetables, plants and flowers. The glass walls traps the radiation in it and does not allow them to escape. This makes the green house warmer which provides optimum temperature for plants even during winters. The same process occurs in the earths atmospheric layer. The green house gases acts like the roof of a green house. During day time the earths surface absorbs sunlight and gets warmer, at night the earths surface reradiates the heat back into the atmosphere but some of the heat still remains in the earths system due to the absorption by green house gases. The earth depicts such a behavior due to the presence of green house gases (GHG) in the earths atmospheric layer. GHGs include carbon dioxide, water vapors, methane, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen. How ever the contrary is the concept of global dimming which occurs due to change in the characteristics of clouds due to pollutant particles. As the clouds become more reflecting most of the heat from the sun is then reflected back which causes a cooling effect The Debate The climate debate has become the hottest debate during the last years. The debate between the experts whether to regulate harmful emissions or not has given rise to regulatory uncertainty which intern has even worsen the situation. The industries involved in mining activities, power plants, and automobile are putting a lot of stress on the environment. Every year they are adding up millions of tons of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon dioxide and heavy metals in the environment. With proper control regulations on these plants climate change can be significantly decreased. Due to uneven regulations and no tribal emission limits the process of installation of pollution controls power plants are slowing down. In this regard few environmentalists in order to achieve their long term climate policy goals are actually ignoring short-term health and environmental benefits. When it comes to pollution controls, they cost a lot to install and thus their feasibility can only be justified when they are applied only to coal fired power plants so that the costs could be recovered due to their larger operations. The specifics of the climate change regulations are not known and therefore the utilities are unable to decide when these pollution controls should be installed. Unfortunately there are no add-on control technologies which could prove helpful in removing the green house gases from power plant emissions. But the emissions of SOx and NOx can be controlled by add-on pollution control technologies. The SOx and NOx are considered more injurious to health than the green house gases. However the global temperature increase is an attention worthy issue which is mainly caused by green house gases. The issue of climate change and global warming has gained geopolitical importance in the recent years. It refers to an overall increase in average global temperature. Anthropogenic processes and natural events are simultaneously contributing towards global warming. The green house effect which is caused by increasing concentration of Green house gases such as Carbon Dioxide, CFCs, water vapors, oxides of nitrogen and methane mainly is responsible for retaining heat in the atmosphere. Some of the radiations reaching the earths thermal infrared range are absorbed by the Green house gases and rest are reradiated or emitted back in the environment. In short Green house gases prevent the escape of heat from the earths environment; rather they are reflected back resulting in an increase in global temperature. The key indicators representing climate change published by NASA (National aeronautics and space administration) are as under. 1. Rise in sea level 2. Increase in carbon dioxide concentration 3. Declining Arctic sea ice 4. Shrinking ice sheets 5. Global temperature rise 6. Warming oceans 7. Glacial retreat 8. Ocean acidification Some Opposing view in climate change debate: A number of scientists oppose the mainstream, scientific assessment of global warming. They are of the view that first the idea of global warming does not exist and if there is such thing then it is not caused by human activities rather it is happening as a part of natural processes. The two main scientific claims of the IPCC are the claim that the globe is warming and Increases in carbon dioxide emissions are responsible. Evidence for both of these claims is fatally flawed (Gray, 2008) Dr Gray further clarifies his point of view by addressing the graphs which shows that the mean annual temperature of the globe is increasing. He denies that the practice of measuring the average global temperature of any part of the world has ever been done so how could we make it a reference point. Experts of the United Nations in regular reports publish data said to show that the earth is approaching a catastrophic global warming, caused by increasing emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. However, observations of the sun show that as for the increase in temperature, carbon dioxide is not guilty and as for what lies ahead in the upcoming decades, it is not catastrophic warming, but a global, and very prolonged, temperature drop. (Abdussamatov, 2009) Habibullo is of the believe that the global warming is due to a gradual increase in the activities of the sun and carbon dioxide should not be considered as an agent for causing global warming. The global scenario of peace, development and prosperity is changing. Furthermore climate change can result in depletion of food and water supplies it can give rise to conflicts and even destabilize societies and government. The recent climate change trend is more significant for us because it is anticipated mostly by human activities. The increased levels of green house gases are making the earth warmer. Carbon dioxide and other gases are known for their heat-trapping nature. Instead of escaping into space the infrared radiations from the sun are trapped by green house gases in the result they remain in earths system. Burning of fossil fuels by humans causes carbon dioxide to release in the environment. Furthermore methane is produced from agriculture activities in rice fields. Live stock also contributes to it as fermentation of manure generated methane. CFCs are generated from refrigerators and aerosols. The global warming and melting of land ice causes thermal expansion of sea water. The glaciers around the globe are melting causing an increase in the global sea level. The increase in sea level will accelerate in the upcoming years because of increase in global warming. Two weeks ago, I visited Arctic I saw the remains of a glacier that just a few years ago was a majestic mass of ice. The Arctic could be virtually ice free-by 2030 (Ban KI-moon) Global warming is not only affecting the environment, it has direct adverse effects on humans, animals and plants. From Natural habitats of wild life to mangrove forests which are breeding ground of fishes all are getting affected by it. The oxides of nitrogen and sulfur which are present in the atmospheric layers of gases react with rain water and produce acid rain. The acid rain is corrosive and it not only contaminates water bodies but it also destroys marble buildings and sculptures. According to NASA Global climate change causes a shift in animal and plant ranges and also causes tress to flower sooner. All the predictions which were made by the scientists regarding climate change are proving true. The future effect of climate change includes more frequent wildfires, longer periods of drought in some regions, and an increase in number, duration and intensity of tropical storms. Some of the future trends adapted from inter governmental panel on climate change (IPCC) are as under: Contraction of snow cover areas, increased thaw in permafrost regions, decrease in sea ice content. Increased frequency of hot extremes, heat waves and heavy precipitation. Increase in tropical cyclone intensity. Precipitation increases in high altitudes. Precipitation decreases in subtropical land regions. Decreased water resources in many semi-arid areas. Discussion Lack of regulations, regulatory uncertainty and lack of interest regarding environmental issues amongst the inhabitants specially belonging to under developing countries is making this issue even worsen. The economic crush which is prevailing throughout the world has negatively affected the priority of this important issue , where everyone is struggling for making their bread and butter and to full fill the basic necessities of life. In this type of situation people are not ready to use their assets, efforts on addressing this issue. Experts on the other hand are aware of the importance of the issue. They are observing the ice melting on the glaciers with a rapid pace. The sea level around the globe is rising increasing the risks of some major floods. It is expected that sea levels will rise by over 40 cm by the 2080s .Infect though with a slow pace the earths landscape as a whole is changing. The dry part (land) is continuously shrinking disturbing the natural habitats of a number of wild lifes species. With the passage of time wildlife animals undergoes evolution in order to make them selves compatible with the outside environment. The evolution leads to the concept of the survival of the fittest. The one which lacks behind the race have to face extinction. Human population is also affected by the climate change in the very same way .The year 1998 was the warmest year globally since data collection began in 1861.In the year 2003 some 30,000 people lost their lifes due to a sudden heat wave , making this phenomenon extremely attention worthy for the scientists. The average temperature of the UK may rise by 2-3.5 degree by 2080s. If we see the situation in our own country the demand of electricity especially in summers has raisin a lot. As the summers are getting longer and more severe than previous years living without a fan or an air-conditioner is becoming a big deal. This situation prevails through the world as the summers are getting longer and winters are shrinking. In this manner the rainfall frequency will also change it is expected that in up coming years winters will become wetter and summers drier. In south east summer rainfall may decline by 50 by the 2080s. Some worst impacts of climate change includes declining winter storms shifted towards north, increase in precipitation intensity, soaring of temperature, wide spread mortality of vegetation, and increases in the frequency of large wild fires. But wait; now the point is who actually is responsible for the outbreak of this new phenomenon. It is no doubt the anthropogenic activities of the humans which are destroying the environment. Green house gases include carbon dioxide, water vapors, methane and CFCs. Sources of CFCs are aerosols, refrigerators, and air-conditioners. These human activities are releasing harmful gases in the atmosphere which thickens the atmospheric layer. This thickened layer prevents the escape of heat from earths environment resulting an increase in global temperature. There are concerns that Carbon dioxide emission has raised to alarming levels but only few of the climate analysts fees that it is a bit early to draw final conclusions on this phenomenon. The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is increasing with a rapid pace. It is considered as one of the most important green house gas.CO2 is released due to the combustion of fossil fuels, natural factors and volcanic eruption. It means the energy we consume is becoming an agent to destroy our environment. It can be administered by adopting renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuels. The agro fuels are clean and green and because of photosynthesis they help reducing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (The global monitoring division of NOAA/earth system research laboratory) The above graph shows the rising trend in global CO2 concentration from years 2006 to 2010. Some experts also believe that the earths ability to absorb the gases is reducing resulting in acceleration of green house effect. Conclusion Planet earth belongs to all living in it. Its every ones responsibility to protect it from climate change. On the whole the anthropogenic activities are responsible for global warming. Several steps should be taken in this regard. Promoting public transport and adopting efficient and environment friendly transport could be the first step. This reduces the number of cars on the road which intern reduces carbon dioxide emissions. Arboriculture specially when done on larger scale reduces the impact of global warming. In most of the countries this is done under government plan simultaneously people should also showing concern and are planting trees on their own. Preferring energy efficient products could be a vital step. The energy savers bulbs are on the top of the list. As these products consumes less energy so the overall demand for energy could be reduced this could be help full in decreasing the dependence on fossil fuels. Most of the experts find it too early to say that new trends are setting up. But all of them agree upon the fact that this phenomenon should be addressed on urgent basis.

Surfing Is Supposed To Be Para :: essays research papers

Surfing is Supposed to be Paradise Every time a new 'untouched paradise'; is discovered, the first thing everyone wants to do is visit it. By their united enthusiasm to find these 'sanctuaries'; people bring the cage of society with them. Very quickly it becomes necessary to erect bars to keep people out. William Tucker 'Is Nature Too Good For Us?'; William Tucker's essay 'Is Nature Too Good For Us'; discusses the complications with the environmental movement to set aside pieces of land as wilderness. One of the main points of Tucker's argument brings up the problem with preserving natural land as wilderness is that these wild paradises often conflict with people's desire to visit these paradises and experience them. Tucker uses the example of Kauai as a paradise that has been ruined by the overuse and overpopulation. Tucker describes how in 1964 the Sierra Club put out an article on the relatively unknown island and by 1979 Time magazine ran an article in which some of the local people expressed their desire to keep outsiders out. The issue of protecting paradise is a hotly debated topic that is currently being fought over by surfers. To a surfer nothing is more rewarding than the search and discovery of perfect uncrowded waves. This notion of the search for uncrowded surf was brought to the attention of the general public with the 1963 release of Bruce Brown's The Endless Summer. The film documented two surfers traveling around the world to exotic locales previously left unexplored by the surfers of Western civilization. The images that Brown brought back to mainstream movie screens forever changed the lives of surfers. This film changed how surfers viewed the world. No longer were surfers confined to their local coastlines, they were inoculated with desire to seek out their own paradise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years many surfers have found their little piece of paradise and never left. Instead these surfers have opted to spend the rest of their lives surfing the waves they initially had intended to just visit and experience. They never left these beaches because the waves were uncrowded and the beaches were breathtakingly beautiful. Compare this to the modern industrial places in the U.S such as Los Angeles or San Francisco and you can see why surfers are constantly searching for paradise. Surfers get tired of surfing in crowded, polluted, and poor wave producing areas, so they travel.

Basic Law (Tort)

Building law and contract admin Assignment no 2 Tort Volenti non fit injuria Latin / voluntary assumption of risk. A defence in tort that means where a person engages in an event accepting and aware of the risks inherent in that event, then they can not later complain of, or seek compensation for an injury suffered during the event. This is used most often to defend against tort actions as a result of a sports injury Smith v Charles baker & son 1891 Dulieu v White and son 1901 Herd v Weardale Steel and Coal 1914 Doctrine From the Latin word doctrina meaning â€Å"teachings. Something taught as a the principle or creed especially in religion. A rule or principle of law established through its repeated use. Doctrine of alternative danger The plaintiff is supposed to be careful in spite of the defendant's negligence, there may be certain circumstances when the plaintiff is justified in taking some risk where some dangerous situation has been created by the defendant. The plaintiff migh t become perplexed or nervous by the dangerous situation and to save his person and property, or sometimes to save a third party from such danger, he may take an alternative risk.The law, therefore, permits the plaintiff to encounter an alternative danger to save himself from the danger created by the defendant. If the course adopted by him results in some harm to himself, his action against the defendant will not fail. The judgment of the plaintiff should not, however, be rash. The plaintiff is not only justified in taking risk for himself, he may take risks for others as well. Jones v Boyce 1816 Thin Skull Rule An additional exposure in tort liability towards persons who are particularly vulnerable or more fragile than the norm, who may have inherent weaknesses or a pre-existing vulnerability or condition.The tort-feasor takes his victim as he finds them he compensates for all damages he caused, even if damages are elevated compared to a norm because the plaintiff was thin skulled . The principle appears to have emanated from a 1901 English case, Dulieu v White and Sons, where it was stated â€Å"If a man is negligently run over or otherwise negligently injured in his body, it is no answer to the sufferer’s claim for damage that he would have suffered less injury, or no injury at all, if he had not had an unusually thin skull or an unusually weak heart. For example, if a person who has physical or psychological infirmities which extend, beyond a the norm, his/her recovery from injuries resulting from another’s tort, the defendant’s damages are not discounted accordingly but, instead, are adjusted upwards to fit the â€Å"thin skulled† victim Dulieu v White and Sons 1901 Contributory Negligence The negligence of a person which, while not being the primary cause of a tort, nevertheless combined with the act or omission of the primary defendant to cause the tort, and without which the tort would not have occurred.Contributory neglige nce applies solely to the conduct of the claimant. It means that there has been some act or omission on the claimant's part which has materially contributed to the damage caused and is of such a nature that it may properly be described as negligence. Froom v Butcher 1976 Nance v BC Electric Railway Co. 1951 Stinton v Stinton 1993 Res Ipsa Loquitur Latin / the thing speaks for itself Generally, in tort, the mere fact of an accident is not proof of negligence. But in some cases, negligence is presumed on the defendant since the object causing injury was in or under his or her control.This is the res ipsa loquitur doctrine. Res ipsa loquitur is a rebuttable presumption rebutted by showing that the event was an inevitable accident and had nothing to do with the defendant’s responsibility of control or supervision. Examples of res ipsa loquitur, not all of which can be assumed to apply today which illustrate the doctrine. Getting hit by a rock which flies off a passing dump truck. A ship in motion collides with an anchored ship. Damages occasioned by the collision of two trains of a same railway. Devine v Colville’s ltd 1969Royal bank of Scotland v Etridge 2001 Donohue v Stevenson 1931 Question 2 i. Which parties may be liable for the injury and losses suffered Introduction To deal with the liabilities of this case I feel it would be poignant to break the case down and investigate each individual parties involvement and therefore liability. List of parties possibly involved West Kent collage Buildright Ltd Kentcrete Ltd Driver 1 ( using the designated entrance) Driver 2 (using the staff and student entrance) Driver 3 (driver of the car)Student 1 (the driver of the car) Student 2 (student that was hit by the car) Student 3 (who was sick due to the accident) Air ambulance service Hospital West Kent collage West Kent collage had appointed a competent contractor to legally carry out the construction of the new building and would not seam to be directly in volved in the accident, Although they do have a reasonability of care to there students. The students involved were in areas that were designated for there use, and therefore not acting illegally or with negligence.The fact that student 1 was in the driver seat in the car would imply that the car was, just stationary, and not parked illegally. Due to the collage being â€Å" to far away† or â€Å"not directly involved† the collage in my opinion would not be liable in any way Buildright Ltd As with the West Kent collages involvement build right Ltd would be considered to have a duty of care for the overall running of the construction process and all parties therefore involved, however again it can be reasonably expected that Kentcrete the local supplier would carry out there task of delivering the concrete in a legal and competent manor.Therefore no liability for the accident would be upheld. Kentcrete Ltd Kentcrete would be considered to have a direct or primary reason ability for the actions of its employees under the law of vicarious liability. Employers are vicariously liable for the torts of their employees that are committed during the course of employment. they could therefore be held responsible for driver 1 and driver 2’s actions. Driver 1 using the correct entrance, and having no problems can be exonerated from any responsibility.Driver 2’s action of using the wrong entrance and then crashing into the car would therefore make kentcrete liable under the rules of vicarious liability. Driver no 1 (using the designated entrance) Although the driver may have been â€Å"keen to deliver†, he/she used the correct entrance, had no accident, and would therefore not be held reasonable in any way. Driver no 2 ( using the student and staff entrance) This driver would be considered to have committed a tort or â€Å"wrong† by intentionally using the wrong entrance, or at least being negligent by not using the designated one.H e/ she would be considered to be liable of negligence as it would be reasonable to expect the driver to use the correct entrance. He / She could also be held reasonable for the injuries to student no 2 as being a direct cause by hitting the car. Student no 1 (the driver of the car) Student no 1 could not be held responsible for the injuries to student no 2 He/She had not committed a tort, and was not a employee of the companies involved, it would not be reasonable to expect student no1 to be able to foresee the actions of Driver no 2.Therefore no liability would be upheld for the injuries caused to student no 2. He / She would not be guilty of trespass to the person as there was no attempt or offer to apply unlawful force nor was there any intention to bring a an object, the car, into contact with a person. Student no 2 / Student no 3 Both theses students would not be held responsible as no tort, negligence, or trespass to the person has been committed and neither would be liable. A ir ambulance services and the hospitalNeither could be held responsible for the events that took place before they arrived, however there may be a case for negligence due to the delay that took place in treating the arrival of Student no 2. The 20 minute delay due to an admissive mistake may have been considered a breech in duty of care and therefore negligent. We would then need to approach the subject of whether the death of student no 2 was a direct result of the delay. Ii . What defences may be available to those potentially liable to avoid or reduce liabilityKentcrete Ltd could argue that the main contractor Buildright Ltd hade not made them aware of the conditions of site and that there was a specific entrance that was to be used, If this were the case it may be that build right could be held partially reasonable as The negligence of the claimant which, while not being the primary cause of a tort, nevertheless combined with the act or omission of the defendant to cause the tor t, and without which the tort would not have occurred IE if build right had told kentcrete that there was a specific entrance then the driver would have used it, therefore they contributed to the tort and could be held responsible under contributory negligence.Driver no 2 could argue the same, He / She could also argue that there were no signs to the front of the building and the entrance was unmarked, Was student no 1 under the influence of drugs or alcohol, Was it a dark day and did the stationary car have lights on, was the stationary car illegally parked at the time and causing a public nuisance or obstruction to the highway, these may not all be defences but would be considered at least mitigating circumstances. The hospital could argue that the time delay was reasonable under the circumstances, were they particularly busy. Did the time delay contribute to the deterioration of student no 2’s health or was it inevitable. Iii / iv which parties may entitled to remedies for injury and losses suffered ? Student no 2, ho is now unfortunately dead, would be unable to claim at all, but his parents, family or legal guardian would be able to claim or sue for damages, who they sued would be dependant on the findings of the hospital inquiry or the report from the corinor as to the cause of death.It may also be true that the lorry driver could be sued for manslaughter through the criminal courts. Student no 3 the driver of the stationary car could sue and claim damages for the whiplash they have suffered, loss of earnings due to the whiplash, these could be claimed through physical injury and economic loss respectively, sighting Donahue v Stevenson 1932 and Carroll v Fearon 1988. The repair to the car would be recoverable through the motor insurance of the lorry. Question 3 What is and is not recoverable through the courts ? The client may be able to recover damages from the main contractor, for all and any damage caused as a direct result of the fire.Sighting Mcardale v Admac roofing 1967 when the main contractor was found to be responsible when a roof was constructed incorrectly. Or sighting Scottish Special Housing Association v Wimpey Construction UK Ltd 1986 The main contractor in turn may be able to recover there loss from the sub contractor for negligence if the air conditioning installed was found to be at fault. Sighting Tyco fire & integrated solutions v Rolls Royce motor cars Ltd ( 2007) The neighbour who tried to extinguish the fire would not be able to recover damages for smoke inhalation or for losses through earnings, It may be the case that he could be sued himself for trespass, sighting Manchester airport v Dutton (1999) S A Mercer HNC year 1

My Growth As A Writer Essay

Writing has seemed to be a difficult process for me over the years. This is why it was my choice to enroll myself in creative writing classes over the last 6 years. The most difficult process for me in writing is generating ideas. You can learn to use proper structures for sentences but sadly creativity is something you can learn. In my play, The Doctor and the Patient, I displayed my best writing, and it gives a good example of what I have learned in this class. â€Å"THE PATIENT: Look,  man—we’re all different. Each individual can’t be typed into a group. All minds—souls, even— are different. But we all have something in common: we’re human. And it’s beautiful. † Is an allegory, often used in poetry. Due to the depressed nature of the patient, he finds something that can bring light into his world. Though he is stubborn, and rejects medicating and therapy sessions, he finds a false sense of security. My style of writing is usually freeform, in my spare time I usually write  post-apocalyptic situations, dark comedy, or serious. I have grown majorly at imagery and developing characters and dialogue. The tone of my writing is usually mellow, and flows rather quickly. And I have learned to construct a story arc that does not change too erratically. Future goals of mine would to get a few of my works published in a few small newsletters. Overall, I think my writing has improved drastically, I have learned how to style many different types of stories and writings.

one flew essays

one flew essays Chief Bromden, the half-Indian narrator of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, has been a patient in an Oregon psychiatric hospital for fifteen years. During this time, he has pretended to be deaf and dumb. When he was a child, three government officials came to see his father about buying the tribe's land so they could build a hydroelectric dam. Bromden, ten years old at the time, was home alone. When he tried to speak to them, they acted as if he weren't there, sowing the seeds for his withdrawal into himself. Bromden's white mother joined forces with some of the members of the tribe to pressure Bromden's father to sell the land. Bromden, like his father, is a big man who came to feel small and helpless. In the hospital, Bromden and several other male mental patients are under the domination of Nurse Ratched, a former army nurse who rules her ward with an iron hand. Like Bromden's mother, Ratched is a castrating female with a keen skill in making men ineffectual and weak. She uses subtle manipulation to keep the more docile patients under control. During the daily group meetings, she encourages the patients to attack each other in their weakest places. With the more rebellious patients, she resorts to electro-shock treatment and lobotomies to maintain her tyrannical control over the ward. When Randle McMurphy arrives as a transfer from the Pendleton Work Camp, Bromden senses that something is different about this new patient. McMurphy waltzes into the ward and introduces himself to every patient as a gambling man with a zest for women and cards. After his first experience with the excruciating routine of the Group Meeting, McMurphy tells the patients that Nurse Ratched is a genuine "ball-cutter." The other patients tell him that there is no defying Nurse Ratched, because, in their eyes, she is an all-powerful force. True to his nature as a gambling man, McMurphy makes a bet with the other patients that he can make Ratched lose h ...

Free Essays on X,Y Management

1) Under which circumstances would theory X leadership be more appropriate? McGregor felt that such managerial views are needed in organizations that rely on rewards, promises, encouragement, close supervision, rules, regulations and even threats and sanctions; all designed to control workers. There are â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† methods in the Theory X list. â€Å"The stick†- coercive language, harsh authoritarian management - represents hard approaches. This approach could be used in a small construction company to ensure that the deadline is kept. In this case, the â€Å"hard stick† method keeps the employees working by spreading the fear that they will be fired if their work is not done on schedule. Soft applications, "the carrots", dangle rewards and promises in front of the employees’ eyes. For example, the harder you work, the more benefits you earn. The relationship is a wage/work bargain. This theory X approach would be most commonly found in small retail businesses. The â€Å"carrot† would be the a ppropriate way to handle such a business, because it ensures the motivation off the personnel to sell as many products as possible. 2) Under which circumstances would theory Y leadership be more appropriate? The theory Y manager has to be more sensitive. He or she has to take the time out to explain, to comprehend the needs of the individual, and to engage in joint-problem solving and interpersonal exchange with each member of the staff. This requires trust-building ability. This approach is most likely to be successful in highly educated and motivated work environments. Such a work environment could be found in an engineering or designing business, where the staff usually has a high interest in actively working on the product and bringing in new and innovative ideas. 3) What are some positive and some negative outcomes of using theory Y leadership in an organization? Theory Y is th... Free Essays on X,Y Management Free Essays on X,Y Management 1) Under which circumstances would theory X leadership be more appropriate? McGregor felt that such managerial views are needed in organizations that rely on rewards, promises, encouragement, close supervision, rules, regulations and even threats and sanctions; all designed to control workers. There are â€Å"soft† and â€Å"hard† methods in the Theory X list. â€Å"The stick†- coercive language, harsh authoritarian management - represents hard approaches. This approach could be used in a small construction company to ensure that the deadline is kept. In this case, the â€Å"hard stick† method keeps the employees working by spreading the fear that they will be fired if their work is not done on schedule. Soft applications, "the carrots", dangle rewards and promises in front of the employees’ eyes. For example, the harder you work, the more benefits you earn. The relationship is a wage/work bargain. This theory X approach would be most commonly found in small retail businesses. The â€Å"carrot† would be the a ppropriate way to handle such a business, because it ensures the motivation off the personnel to sell as many products as possible. 2) Under which circumstances would theory Y leadership be more appropriate? The theory Y manager has to be more sensitive. He or she has to take the time out to explain, to comprehend the needs of the individual, and to engage in joint-problem solving and interpersonal exchange with each member of the staff. This requires trust-building ability. This approach is most likely to be successful in highly educated and motivated work environments. Such a work environment could be found in an engineering or designing business, where the staff usually has a high interest in actively working on the product and bringing in new and innovative ideas. 3) What are some positive and some negative outcomes of using theory Y leadership in an organization? Theory Y is th...

Gig

Gig Gig Gig By Maeve Maddox A reader objects to the expanding use of the noun gig beyond the meaning it has for musicians: I have received an invitation to attend a revegetation gig at a local riverside park in Brisbane Australia. I know that music bands play at gigs, but to use gig to mean a getting together of people for  any communal effort, seems pretty sloppy to me. Where does that gig come from anyway? The word gig, as both noun and verb, has a long history in English. Its etymology in any of its applications is unknown. In the 15th century, a gig was a child’s spinning toy. In the 18th century, a gig was a light one-horse carriage. When I was a child, I heard fishermen speak of gigs used to spear frogs and fish. Not until I went to college did I learn about the musical type of gig. Some definitions stress that a gig is of short duration: gig (noun): An engagement for a musician or musicians playing jazz, dance-music, etc. Specifically, a ‘one-night stand.’–OED gig (noun): A single professional engagement, usually of short duration, as of jazz or rock musicians.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œDictionary.com Here are examples of this use of gig: One of the biggest bands in the world, the Foo Fighters, are set to play two massive gigs in Australia and New Zealand to raise money for the victims of the floods and the earthquake. Welcome to the wonderful world of professional church and temple gigs in NYC. Gig to mean any kind of job is documented in the OED as early as 1964 in a citation that refers to a man (presumably a musician) who has to work â€Å"a mail-handler gig at the Post Office† to supplement his income. Nowadays, any kind of job–of long or short duration–is referred to as a gig: I quit that cushy job, sold my sports car, and hitchhiked to Louisiana, where I landed a spiritual gig working tugs and barges from Galveston, Texas thru Venice, Louisiana. The Green Rolling Hills, ed. V. J. Banis, Wildside Press, 2008. A college professor who lost his [tenured] job over anti-Semitic tweets is angry about losing the gig, but not sorry about his Twitter missives. Former Windows boss lands teaching gig at Harvard This housekeeping gig isn’t so bad. I get continental breakfasts every day and discount hotel rooms. Had my  first big catering gig  for 150 people Saturday afternoon. Gig is also used in the sense of session or appointment: The all-night study gig: a rite of passage Olympic womens hockey goalie scores practice gig with Edmonton Oilers Batting-practice gig with Bonds a dream Musicians may have introduced it into the language, but gig has caught on in colloquial speech as a useful word for everyone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†Social vs. SocietalOne Scissor?

Managing 'Fifteen' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Managing 'Fifteen' - Essay Example Seeking to intentionally form one is, therefore, an important part of leading an organisation (Ansoff 1965). It is also important to plan it carefully as implementing a business culture in a haphazard manner can have a detrimental effect on the long term practicability of the business venture (Prasad 2012). Corporate culture defines the joint behaviours or conduct of a company, their feelings regarding all the divisions of the company, like consumers, colleagues, and shareholders, and the general values the co-workers all practice on a regular basis (Morgan 1997). Decisiveness, empowerment, and team work are some of the qualities that show the presence of strong working culture in businesses (Perrow 1986). The culture actually grows to be the true motivator for outstanding performances, and generates a competitive advantage that other corporations will find it quite difficult to imitate (Stoner & Freemen 1995). The Essential Nature of Managerial Work, and the Role of Leader Managemen t is a common quality in that it is a familiar component in all businesses. Managers carry out more or less identical operations regardless of their standing or the type of business in question (Luthans 2006). Management aims at realising corporate objectives and purposes (Maslow 1954). Management basically involves overseeing people who are arranged in work groups. It also incorporates retaining, motivating, and developing employees in their workplaces, and assisting them to realise satisfaction in their capacities as employees (Robbins 2002). All such interpersonal associations make the ‘management’ functions a social development. Leaders in the present world have to play numerous roles while seeking to advocate for only one key vision (Allen 1958). All the stakeholders of a business, from its workers to its consumers, look to the leader to speak of where he or she sees the future of the company as being, and then give details about how this dream can be implemented ( Weihrich & Kootz 1990). One of the most important aspects of leadership is providing inspiring leadership that is not based on following the rivals, who may have a bigger reputation (Ivancevish & Matleson 2007). The Different Roles Played By Jamie Oliver as A Manager in ‘Fifteen’ Using Mintzberg’s Classification Henry Mintzberg defined particular managerial functions that were a common theme in most businesses (Hersey & Blanchard 1988). He felt that a manager should be able to appreciate all of his or her functions, as well as how to execute them efficiently (Mintzberg 1992). Jamie Oliver shows in ‘Fifteen’ the different traits that were proposed by Mintzberg in his model. Figure head:Â  Jamie Oliver invested a considerable amount of capital in the creation of the restaurant called ‘Fifteen’. He was already a recognised chef and so he had a lot of goodwill, which would auger well for his new business enterprise. Leader: As a leader, Jam ie inspired his employees and inspired them to develop their different talents. He not only motivated the students, but sought to speak to them about their personal problems. He visited the homes of students and also evaluated their level of commitment by giving them tough tests. Liaison: Jamie Oliver was strongly involved in his community in various aspects. He was a well known campaigner for better

Current Australian Federal Election Campaign Essay

Current Australian Federal Election Campaign - Essay Example That no letters were send from restricted residents endorse a meticulous applicant indicated to one reporter that it was either "not careful a useful strategy by party head office" or that the applicant was "unable to find volunteers to mark the letters". Thus, the aptitude to mobilise an orchestrate letter script campaign is likely to be additional effectual in acquiring non-paid medium space (up to a summit where a different page of newsprint is necessary) than relying on spin-off benefits from publicity spending. Australian Prime Minister John Howard scored a persuasive victory in Australias new federal election, charming a fourth significant term. While the election was seen as a referendum on the Prime Ministers choice to hold up the United States in the campaign next to fear and the war on Iraq, Prime Minister Howard work on his overall presentation in maintaining the power of the Australian financial system, stabilize federal government, and increasing Australias family members overseas to gather yet one more term. According to the expert analysis the account of the Australian Electoral Commission showed that with concerning 65 percent of the nationwide vote count, Howards government had 52.3 percent of the take part in an ballot vote and the Labor communal gathering 47.7 percent, charitable the traditional a obvious guide in the race for a preponderance in parliaments 150-seat inferior home. Australian electorate makes a decision applicant for 150 seats in the federal parliament's lesser residence the House of legislative body and 40 of the 76 seating in the Senate. A total of 1,091 candidates were position for the House of council and 330 for the governing body. The state has 13 million catalog voters. While the 2004 election did not show the emphasis on edge safety seen in the 2001 election, nor did it see a go back to the approximately elite focus on financial issues which characterised federal election prior to 2001. (4) The 2004 election built-in an strange and potentially unstable mix of political cream of the crop, one elder and skilled, one younger and comparatively green; foreign and defence strategy, including Iraq; and customary home issues such as financial management, physical condition and teaching. In this piece of writing we use the 2004 Australian Election Study review to examine the significance of these issues in determining the product of the election. Australian Newspaper and Media To investigate the association between salaried and earned media, campaign reporting by group of people journalists was monitored in the electoral separation of McEwen throughout the 1998 federal election.

International Business Profile of two countries (South Korean, and Essay

International Business Profile of two countries (South Korean, and Japan) - Essay Example Schoenbaum (26-27) puts it that every country has a different business profile with information ranging on the topics of immediate commercial relevance. The above study analyses the international business profile for Japan, South Korea and Singapore. It also shows their FDI profile and how the countries are able to deal with the international demand for business. Japan international business profile Japan is located in the eastern Asia which is at the Island between North Pacific Ocean and the East Sea or the Sea of Japan. The capital city is Tokyo and the total population is about 127 million as at 2004. The Japan ethnic community is made up of 99 percent of Japanese and the 1 percent includes others such as Korean, Chinese, Filipino, Brazilian and other minorities Chew (2008). The religions include that of Shinto and Buddhist which is about 85 percent. The Japan language is said to have originated from the Altaic languages such as Turkish and it is recognised to be close to the Kor ean language. The economy of Japan is ranked as the second after USA. Japan is the largest manufacture of machine tools and the leading automobile manufacture. It is also popular in steelmaking and this manufacturing and service industry has contributed to the growth of Japan’s GDP. ... According to Hoe (2010) Japan’s culture include saving face which is the business culture. They also believe that turning a customer’s request amounts to embarrassment. Japan’s business profile involves harmony which is the guiding philosophy for their business settings. The education system also insists on interdependence and personal dignity. The Japanese understand it is difficult for foreigners to work there as they do not expect foreigners to be conversant with the culture and language. They therefore do business basing on personal relationships. Communication is through greetings or seasonal cards and international traders should ensure they respond as this holds a person to be of high esteem. Japan external trade organisation provides efficient information including various facilities and centres, domestic as well as international services for investments. This includes economic, market reports and surveys (Chew 2008). South Korean international business p rofile South Korea is located in the Eastern Asia which is the border of East Sea and Yellow Sea. The capital city is Seoul and the population is about 48 million as at 2004 census. The ethnicity is made up of homogeneous people. Their religion is comprised of 26 percent of Christians, 27 percent of Buddhist, 46 percent of people with no affiliation and others. The Koreans speak one language and share a distinct physical characteristic which makes them different from other people in Asia such as Chinese and Japanese. South Korea is more influenced by Confucian values that permeate all working life aspects which include management systems or interpersonal relations (Dennis 2003). According to Denoon & Hudson (22-23) the Confucian ethics majorly

The Role of Islamic Law in the Management of Formal and Informal Research Paper

The Role of Islamic Law in the Management of Formal and Informal Organizations in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example As the paper declares Saudi Arabia is ran as an Islamic Theocracy and the Quran is the basis of the countrys constitution. The country is governed by stringent Islamic law which defines every aspect of the lives of people in the Kingdom. Since Saudi Arabia was meant to be Islamic from the onset, it has rules that strictly bind both the Muslims and non-Muslims of the country. Commentators like the Human Rights Watch have criticized Saudi Arabia for using Islamic Law in a compulsory manner that sometimes causes some degree of discrimination to non-Muslims in the Kingdom. This essay outlines that although proponents like Fouad argue that the universal application of Sharia in Saudi Arabia supports to bring benefits and stability to the country, there are some human rights issues that can be raised. First of all, the law focuses more on the Muslims since they are designed with the practicing Muslim in mind (Jones). Hence, there is a limitation on the individual rights of non-Muslims. The research will include an assessment of the different frameworks and concepts that regulate the conduct of business. The study will be conducted by the critical review of secondary sources. These sources will include books, journals and other relevant materials that define

One Man Band Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

One Man Band - Movie Review Example The indecision of the girl is part of her innocent character. This innocence is again depicted by the competing characters using the tempo of the music, and not quality to attract her attention. They also make use of dance steps to attract her to them. Her indecision leads to the loss of the coin. From the time of the loss of the coin, the innocent expression disappears. In its place, it appears a face of determinedness. She has realized that these two characters stopped her from putting the coin in the fountain. This removes the indecision. There is a firmness seen. She firmly demands compensation for her loss. Bass and Treble are now at a disadvantage. They are forced to give her the violin she demands. Her initial attempts at playing the violin are poor. This depicts her learning process. She tunes the violin and plays beautiful music. Bass and Treble are taken aback. Her playing so well causes a passerby to give her a bag of gold coins. Bass and Treble have not realized that she is smarter now from the experience she has gained. She has learned the value of money. She has also learned how to make money. There is a pleasant yet competent look on her face now. Bass and Treble cannot try to take advantage of her anymore. Her experience makes her overcome their overtures to her. She is able to overcome them, even though they combine forces instead of being in competition. Thus her experience has made her stronger. She tosses the two coins into the fountain. Bass and Treble can only look on and are not able to do anything about it. Thus through the experience, she has gained in her growing up, she is able to outsmart the two men, who tried to take advantage of her innocence, and turn h er away from putting a coin in the fountain (1)

INTRODUCTION TO WESTERN PHILOSOPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

INTRODUCTION TO WESTERN PHILOSOPHY - Essay Example It targets at cogent understanding and utilizes discursive techniques in handling the perceptions drawn from experience, work, history, or any other domain of human life. The same conception is articulated in the old saying that the purpose of philosophy is to conceal the delusion of knowledge where none in actuality exists. Answers can be offered, but they remain to create the residue, which is called philosophy. Put it another way, philosophy, like all other studies focuses chiefly on knowledge. The knowledge concentrates on this form of knowledge, which offers unity and system to the organ of the sciences. Nevertheless, this is, just the truth considering the ambiguity of philosophy. The value of philosophy, in reality, needs to be sought completely in its improbability. Philosophy, although incapable of telling us with sureness what is true answer to the uncertainty, which it raises, is able to propose many probabilities, which broaden our thoughts and free them from the despotis m of value. Thus, this largely augments the understanding as to what they may be, and it sustains our sense of wonder by displaying recognizable things in an unknown element (Russell 20-35). My view is that philosophy is an activity of thought, a kind of thinking. Philosophy is essential and exhaustive thought, the most fundamental and exhaustive mode of thinking which human beings has nevertheless devised. This intellectual procedure integrates both an systematic and artificial means of function. Philosophy is an essential and exhaustive procedure of thought that involves putting an end to uncertainty, revealing presumptions, unmasking deduction, differentiating significance, assessing world reviews and questioning perceptual perspectives. Rescher (14-25), argues that the activity of the mind plays a responsibility and makes essential contribution to understanding, whilst legitimate knowledge contributes to sensible success. According to Rescher (30), in the philosophy of science, also asserts, in protest to any type of instrumentalism any many postmodern authors as well, that natural science can authenticate a reasonable devotion to the real subsistence of its hypothetical bodies. Rescher acknowledges that ethical standards are randomly part of the values of a society, but he refutes that morality comprises in orthodoxy to the customs. Methodical perceptions target at what in reality subsists in the universe, but just hit defectively. Rescher (45) argues that rationality is matter of idealization. He compares objectivity to rationality by stating that the two are expressions of humankind’s capability to witness not just how things apparently are, but also how they might have been. Philosophy is important because as a procedure operates as an activity which reacts to societal requests for wisdom, which is bringing together all that we understand in order to acquire what we value (Russell 50-78). Ethics is a division of philosophy that deals with system izing, defending, and extolling perceptions of right and wrong of demeanor. Virtue of ethics is an extensive word for hypothesis that stresses the responsibility of trait and virtue in ethics and/or moral philosophy, as opposed to either doing or acting in order to bring about good outcome. According to Curzer (13), an honorable individual is somebody who has best character aspects. These aspects draw from natural internal inclinations, but require to be

One Man Band Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

One Man Band - Movie Review Example The indecision of the girl is part of her innocent character. This innocence is again depicted by the competing characters using the tempo of the music, and not quality to attract her attention. They also make use of dance steps to attract her to them. Her indecision leads to the loss of the coin. From the time of the loss of the coin, the innocent expression disappears. In its place, it appears a face of determinedness. She has realized that these two characters stopped her from putting the coin in the fountain. This removes the indecision. There is a firmness seen. She firmly demands compensation for her loss. Bass and Treble are now at a disadvantage. They are forced to give her the violin she demands. Her initial attempts at playing the violin are poor. This depicts her learning process. She tunes the violin and plays beautiful music. Bass and Treble are taken aback. Her playing so well causes a passerby to give her a bag of gold coins. Bass and Treble have not realized that she is smarter now from the experience she has gained. She has learned the value of money. She has also learned how to make money. There is a pleasant yet competent look on her face now. Bass and Treble cannot try to take advantage of her anymore. Her experience makes her overcome their overtures to her. She is able to overcome them, even though they combine forces instead of being in competition. Thus her experience has made her stronger. She tosses the two coins into the fountain. Bass and Treble can only look on and are not able to do anything about it. Thus through the experience, she has gained in her growing up, she is able to outsmart the two men, who tried to take advantage of her innocence, and turn h er away from putting a coin in the fountain (1)

American Home Products Corporation Essay Example for Free

American Home Products Corporation Essay American Home Product Corporation (AHP), a highly growing American company, has four business lines: prescription drugs, packaged drugs, food products, house wares and household products. Its policies include: -A tight financial control and maintained an aggressive capital structure policy. Make money for its stockholders and to maximize profits by minimizing cost. It has been able to finance internally its growth while paying a very high portion of its earning to its shareholders (60%). Currently, AHP seems to have no business risk but may face a certain risk in the long run. Based on the ratios shown on the attached sheet, AHP should not worry about business risk since its working capital is very healthy ($1472.8 million) and cash excess $233 million. The high ROA, high profit margin, low current-to-asset ratio and 49.71 collection days show that AHP can generate cash quickly, thus it can maintain current high growth rate. However, it’s decreasing annual sales growth from 14.1% in 1978 to 8.8% in 1981 (exhibit 1) shows that it faces future risk of losing market shares in all its business lines if it does not foresee competition and continues to focus on increasing stockholders’ value. AHP’s current financial performance is very good since it has high ROE (30.3), high quick ratio (42.68), low debt-to-equity ratio (0.09) and low debt-to-asset ratio (0.01). However, an analysis of different debt ratios shows that if AHP increases debt ratio, it will face a financial risk of increased debt-to-equity and debt-to-asset ratios. In other words, it will face solvency problems in long terms. AHP also face liquidity problems since the quick ratios decrease when the debt ratios increase. 2 The proposed mechanism follows a dual mechanism of leveraging:- (a) Increase the Debt Equity Ratio. (b) Buy back the shares. This also results in the following:- (i) Improves EPS as the amount gets shared by lesser number of shares. (ii)Improves Price / earnings ratio (iii) The excess capital gets utilized. (iv)Sends a +ve signal to the market and share prices likely to increase. (v) Improves Return on Equity ratio. The calculations enclosed indicate that the best option in accordance with the company stated policy would be to have Debt-Equity Ratio of 70%. Shareholders’ value increases when debt ratios increase. EPS increases from $3.18 to $3.49. The dividend payout ratio also increases from 0.597 to 0.602. Similarly, the dividend yield from 0.063 to 0.070. It means that the company can increase shareholders’ value by increasing debt ratios. However the following needs to be considered:- (i) The valued net worth of the firm which decreases may not convey the correct picture to the investor and thus negating the positive signals of buy back of shares. (ii) The firm has no strategy related to RD in new products and focuses on me-too products thus constituting a large business risk. (iii) The firm would reduce the cash to debt ratio substantially exposing itself to financial risk. The closest competitor has Debt – Equity Ratio of 30% which if taken as a benchmark gives a conservative method of deciding the proposed leveraging, however this does not maximize the shareholder value, but is in line with the strong conservatism philosophy of the firm. It also gives a better Return on Assets ratio and has a safer Debt to Cash ratio. Even though AHP has a very good current financial performance, it should change the financial policy to increase debt ratio at a certain level. To meet the goal of increasing shareholders’ value, AHP should not use its excess cash flow to repurchase its stocks because this is only a temporary solution and may generate serious financial problems in the long run. Instead, AHP should use this excess cash to invest in profitable projects to improve its current products and launch new products that meet current market demands. By doing so, AHP can minimize the business risk, prepare itself for competition and increase sales growth. On the other hands, AHP should increase debt ratio to a certain level that is suitable for its  business to increase shareholders’ value. Also it should continue to exercise tight monetary policies as earlier to pay off the debt in a disciplined manner This solution does not bring financial risk to AHP but enable it to minimize business risk. If AHP remains only concerned about how to increase shareholders’ value and ignores market threats, it might lose its business to its competitors.

Tourism: Vital To The Caribbean Region

Tourism: Vital To The Caribbean Region The impact of tourism on the physical environment has both negatively and positively affected the natural resources of Caribbean countries. Over the years more people are engaging in eco-tourism which forces the people of a county to preserve its wild life, flora and fauna, which are seen as tourism assets. When fees are charge to visit the preserved tourism assets of a country it assists to generate funds to aid in maintenance and protection of the tourism assets. Therefore tourist interest in ecotourism can be sustained for the country. Negatively, the tourists can have a destructive effect on a countrys ecological system. The Caribbean has coral reefs which are infamous for containing rare species of animal life. By tourist engaging in the water activities such as diving and snorkelling, they are directly affecting the endangered species which will seek to migrate when there habitat is being invaded. The endangered species may also die. In addition engaging in water sports will ca use physical damage to the coral reef which will destroy it. Economically tourism has significantly played a major role in the development of many Caribbean countries. Due to tourism, of jobs have an abundance been created in the Caribbean directly and indirectly. According to (World Travel and Tourism Council, 2012) In 2011 Travel and Tourism accounted for 614,000 jobs in the Caribbean directly from the Travel and tourism industry, this figure is expected to increase by 1.7% in 2012. The creation of jobs provides an income and the multiplier effect comes into play whereas those persons who are directly employed to the tourism industry will eventually spend their income for it to circulate in the countrys economy until it is leaked. The leakage concept states that money generated by one country is lost to another. Leakage occurs in Caribbean tourism in many forms, one of which includes chain hotels owned by foreign investors sending back profits to their home countries so the majority of the income does not remain in the Caribbean. Caribbean c ounties heavily depend on tourism for economic viability; this can be change within a day with natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes which can destroy roads, airports, hotels, because tourism is the main source of income for some Caribbean countries this would leave them helpless. Tourism encourages the public and private sectors of a country to build and improve tourism infrastructures (roads, hotels, airports etc.), leisure amenities (gyms, clubs, etc.). By doing this the local people benefits since they are able to use it for themselves even though it was intend for the tourist. Tourism inspires the local people to preserve their traditional customs, festivals, and cuisines since tourists are interested in culture. The culture of the Caribbean are often times sold by the local community members especially areas where the tourist resorts are found. This helps the community members to generate an income for themselves and their families, from which the government can increase tax revenues for the country. Though community tourist benefits the locals there are still negative impacts associated with community tourism. This includes, invasion of privacy by foreigners, drugs can be brought into the community or sold to tourist there which shows the country in a n egative light. The morals and values of local people can be lost through adaption of the foreigners culture. The relationship of tourism to the economy of Caribbean countries can be described as developing. The Caribbean is seen as the most tourism dependent region in the world, with the tourism sector contributing to 36% of the GDP (Caribbean Region: Tourism, n.d.). There are over 900,000 persons directly and indirectly employed to tourism industry according to the (Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), 2002). This figure contributes significantly to the growth of the GDP since employment will help to increase the standard of living for individuals. With tourism industry thriving for Caribbean countries others sectors that are linked to the tourism industry can benefit from the productivity such as the agriculture sector. There are however some challenges that the Caribbean tourism sector is facing. The tourism sectors of the Caribbean need to be more competitive in order to stay on top since more countries are turning to tourism as a feasible option to boosts their economy. Tourism is a c apital intensive activity which Caribbean countries rely heavily on, therefore it is essential to consider these keys variable of tourism as it relates to the Caribbean economies: the impact on GDP, Inter-sectoral impacts, balance of payments, Investment, Government revenue. Referances http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/ Rita kennedy no date http://traveltips.usatoday.com/positive-negative-effects-tourism-63336.html

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Tea

The Purpose of Education Education has existed throughout history in one form or another. The process of passing down accumulated information from one generation to the next has been present in every human society, past and present. From the young listening to the stories of the elders around the hearths of the ancient world, to pupils being instructed in the alphabet in a one room schoolhouse on the American frontier, to the present day online teaching sessions; the tradition of teaching and learning has been a constant in the ever changing world. Education has been and continues to be used for many purposes, chief among them being the creation of an educated citizenry, the empowerment of that citizenry, and improvement of the individual, and the nation as a whole. Some of the first proponents of an intensive education were the ancient Greeks and Romans who sought to create stronger and smarter societies. The Greeks in particular sought to educate their youths to create the next generation of leaders in their city state. Systems of education ensured that those elected to office will be equipped with the necessary skills for work in government. These concerns are still tantamount today as educators teach the next senators, congressmen, and presidents of our nation. Due to their future importance our citizens need to learn about how our government works as well as become versed in many other subjects. This educational process creates a well rounded citizen who is...

Evolution vs. Creationism Essay -- essays research papers

People are always arguing over which theory is true, evolution or creationism. The theory of evolution has a lot to do with natural selection. Natural selection is when the individual with the best traits survives, and passes on their good traits to their offspring. Those offspring create more individuals with those strong traits, and eventually all of the species will have those strong traits. This means that if this cycle is carried on long enough, it will result in changes in a population, eventually resulting in a new species. Darwin thinks all life forms have descended from a common species in ancient times. Creationism believes that all creatures and life forms were created in their current state. Creationism believes that God created the earth and everything on it, the animals, the mountains, the oceans, the plants, and the people. It says that God created the creatures to â€Å"fulfill their place in existence†. In other words, God created creatures to only do the job needed. He didn’t create creatures for no reason; every creature has a meaning on the earth. Also, God changes animals according to what they need over time. So, if a creature needed to swim to survive better, God just changed that creature so it could swim. Creationism follows exactly what the bible says. I personally support the theory of evolution. â€Å"In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment† (Cha...

Analysis of Meno’s Question to Socrates

In Plato’s dialogue, Meno, Socrates is asked a paradoxical question about what virtue is by Meno. â€Å"How will you enquire, Socrates, into that which you do not know? What will you put forth as the subject of enquiry? And if you find what you want, how will you ever know that this is the thing which you did not know? † Socrates retorts that if you already know what you are searching for, then you do not have to search.Alternatively, if you do not know what you are looking for, the search is indeed futile. However, Socrates attempts to explain to Meno why it is that he will be able to find what virtue is by introducing the idea that knowledge is inherent in the individual as it is passed along through the soul. When Meno demands proof of this concept, Socrates provides an example of a slave boy using â€Å"inherent knowledge† to calculate the length of a square needed to double it’s own area.This experiment shows Meno that virtue, along with other knowled ge, can indeed be discovered through the inherent knowledge in one’s soul, and only has to be â€Å"remembered† to become of use. When Meno proposes his argument to Socrates that a search for what you do not know is impossible, he is reasoning that if one does not know what it is they are trying to find, one will never know if they have found it. Meno seeks to understand how an individual can find new knowledge if they have no clue how to find it or how to comprehend the discovery of it.Socrates acknowledges Meno’s argument and states that â€Å"man cannot enquire either about that which he knows, or about that which he does not know; for if he knows, he has no need to enquire; and if not, he cannot; for he does not know the very subject about which he is to enquire† (Meno, Plato). Meno believes that this proves his own argument, but Socrates proposes an alternate way to attain knowledge. Socrates speaks of â€Å"priests and priestesses† who  "say that the soul of man is immortal† (Meno, Plato).Also, he says the soul has kept all the knowledge from previous â€Å"lives† that it has had, and therefore knowledge is obtained through recollection instead of learning. Socrates attempts to prove his theory by providing an example with one of Meno’s slaves. His experiment is simple. Socrates calls over a slave boy and asks him about squares. The boy knows has some knowledge of the properties of squares including the fact that they have four equal sides, they can be divided in half, and the area is equal to the side multiplied by the other side.However, when Socrates asks the boy to determine the length of a side necessary to double the area of a 2Ãâ€"2 foot square, the boy mistakenly says 4 feet (which would yield a square 4 times too large). The slave proposes a length of three feet, but is wrong again. Here Socrates makes a note of the â€Å"torpedo’s touch† (Meno, Plato) or â€Å"aporiaâ⠂¬  (Aporia, Burbules), which means that the boy knows that he does not know.Socrates states that this state of mind is better than believing false knowledge, because one will know that there is knowledge to seek. Socrates maintains that throughout the experiment he was never teaching the slave, but only asking of his opinions. Therefore, the knowledge that the slave called upon must have already been inherent if he had not learned it before (since slaves had little education the boy was the perfect example for Socrates to demonstrate this â€Å"inborn knowledge. ) Socrates makes his argument clear: if the slave had no knowledge of what is was he was searching for (the length of the side), and the information was not taught to the boy, then the information must have already been inherent in the boy’s soul. Here is Socrates’ argument in Premise/Conclusion form: P: Slave isn’t taught. P: Slave has no prior knowledge. P: Immortal soul contains knowledge. C: Knowl edge must come from one’s immortal soul. P: You do not know what you are trying to find. P: You are not taught what you are trying to find.P: Your soul contains inherent knowledge. C: You can find what you are searching for through recollection of the knowledge â€Å"stored† in your soul. Socrates’ proofs are meant to enforce his views that knowledge such as virtue must be searched for, â€Å"that a man should enquire about that which he does not know† (Meno, Plato). Citations: Burbules, Nicholas C. â€Å"Aporias, Webs, and Passages: Doubt as an Opportunity to Learn. † Curriculum Inquiry 30. 2 (2000): n. pag. Aporia. 2000. Web. 12 Sept. 2012. . Plato, and R. S. Bluck. Meno. Cambridge [Eng. : University, 1961. N. pag. Print.

Values and Ethics in America Case Study

BA 3102 – Summer 2, 2012 Video Case Assignment â€Å"End Game: Values and Ethics in America† 1. The most ethical decision is if she turns left into town and report the accident to the police. Even if she turns herself in and jeopardizes to lose her school-funding grant, she knows she did the right thing and her conscious is clean. She caused a fatal accident that killed the other driver, which means she must report to the police. If she doesn’t, then her friend should turn her in and help her for the long run. Human moral and ethical values are more important then the award for the school grant and reputation in the company.In the Deckop Chapter article-â€Å"Theoretical Bases for Analyzing the Ethics of a Decision†, it compares the utilitarianism and universalism theories. It states that utilitarianism is regarding â€Å"the greatest good for the greatest number and the ends justify the means†. It’s not ethical to disregard the law and serve the greater good. If she was killed in a deadly car accident, I’m sure she would want someone to report her death to the police who would later notify her loved ones. Running away from an accident is not only unethical, but is also a crime and there is no justification for it.The consequences of fleeing a crime scene is more severe than turning yourself in. â€Å"The pressures of a situation may cause one to apply self-serving biases that while in the short-run appear acceptable, in the long-run result in damage to one’s firm, career or self in terms of staying true to ethical principals and human morals†(Desktop, 2008). I strongly agree with this statement. If she won’t report to the police, and deny what she did, she would be living with her guilt knowing she knew what was the right thing to do, but she made the wrong decision.By knowing she is responsible for someone’s life and didn’t notify anybody, in the long run, it will destroy her emotionally (guilt, depression or even suicide). 2. I think I made the right choice for Julia because either way she would have had to face the consequences. If she turns herself into the police, most likely she would get arrested for drinking and driving. She would possibly lose her school-funding grant that all her students dependent on her. She would also lose her reputation as being a good teacher, but one thing she would be acknowledged for is that she was honest and admitted for her action.However, if she don’t turn herself in, she would have to live on the rest of her life guilty knowing she hided the truth. In the long run the truth will be revealed. Part 3 doesn’t change anything for me, because I knew that the follow-up would be that she would hide the truth in order not to damage her reputation in the school, along with not letting her students down. Running away from reality is always easier then facing the truth and admitting for our wrongdoings. Many comp anies think they can get away with fraud or unethical decision-making, until they either get caught or they turn themselves in.You need to know where to draw the line between personal responsibility and accountability. 3. My decision in question 1 is more consistent with universalism then utilitarianism because universalism focuses on ethical decision making, assuming the decision-maker is following the right morals and values. For example, Julia should report to the police and turn herself in, just as if her loved ones would like to know if she was in a fatal car accident and who is responsible for her death.Also the universalism theory states that everybody is equal and moral ethics apply to everyone no matter what background or culture you are from. Universal ethics explains which behaviors are right or wrong. These ethical standards apply to everybody worldwide. It’s something that a virtuous person is supposed to adhere to and believe in, just like manners that you learn from home. Most manners are universal, though some vary from culture to culture. As a result, I strongly agree with the universalism decision-making tool.

Pnu Application Form

Philippine Normal University The National Center for Teacher Education OFFICE OF ADMISSION Manila 1† x 1† ID Picture APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION TEST PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY ADMISSION TEST (PNUAT) Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Gender: ____________ Print: Last Name Given Name Middle NameAddress: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Contact No: _______________________________________________ E-mail Address: ____________________________________ Date of Birth: ______________________________________________ Place of Birth: _____________________________________ Age: _________ Citizenship: ____________________________ Religion: ______________________________________________ Name of Present School: _______________________________________________________________________________________ School Address: _________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ EDUCATION: School Attended Elementary: ____________________________________ High School: Other Courses: ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Inclusive Dates ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Degree/Course Completed ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Honors/Awards Received: ______________________________________________________________________________________ Extra-Curricular Activities, Hobbies, Talents: _______________________________________________________________________ I hereby apply for permit to take the PNU Admission Test (PNUAT) on: __________________________________________ I certify that the information given on this form is true and correct.It is understood that my final acceptance to the University will depend on the results of the University’s screening procedure. I understand that I have to pay a non-refundabl e examination fee of P350. 00, the receipt of which is to be attached to the application form. I attach a photocopy of my High School Card / Transcript of Records. ____________________________________ Signature over Printed Name of Applicant OR # _______________________________ Date of Application: ___________________ Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Gender: ____________ Last Name Given Name Middle Name Preferred Academic Program: (Please indicate three choices by placing 1 to 3 on the blank, no. as the most preferred) __________ __________ __________ Bachelor of Early Childhood in Education (BECED) Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED) Bachelor of Secondary Education (BSE) with specialization in – __________ Biology __________ __________ Chemistry __________ __________ English __________ __________ Filipino __________ __________ General Science __________ __________ History __________ __________ Home Economics ________ __ __________ Information Technology for Teachers __________ Mathematics Others (Allied Fields – with limited enrollment) __________ Bachelor of Library and Information Science __________ Bachelor of Science in Psychology __________ Bachelor of Science in Home Economics Technology __________ AB/BSE Literature Music Education Nutrition and Dietetics for Teachers Physical Education Physics Social Science Speech and Theater Arts Values Education

Literature Review for Prioritizing IT investments Essay

Literature Review for Prioritizing IT investments - Essay Example According to the article Optimize Cooperate Investment in Information Technology by OracleInsight, IT investments take the lead in many companies; many companies have invested in IT making the total IT investments worldwide rise rapidly (5). This has prompted research on the benefits that come with IT investments. First, IT has improved the organization’s communication systems, which adds to the long term benefits in a business. IT also promotes the exchange of ideas within and outside the business, as well as ease complexity of communication system making it convenient and confidential. Similarly, Due notes that communication to the customers and other business stakeholders become easy with the use of IT (74). Secondly, majority of the managers prioritizing on the IT investment have experiences that facilitate their application of IT equipment and a lot of information concerning the applicability of the software and other IT features are available worldwide. Many companies own computer programming models with well skilled computer and IT skills (Sykes and Clayton 2). Additionally, these IT investments proved that they have the ability to improve future results. Information stored in the computers is used as a reference in the future. Thirdly, IT investments create a competitive advantage. For instance, Kearns after conducting a case study on two companies notes that IT investments help companies achieve a competitive edge, but a success in prioritizing IT investments requires the involvement of management, and also depends on the organization structure (10). Lack of information on the actual role played by IT makes it difficult to categorize the benefits as either tangible or intangible. This is caused by the fact that most organizations do not define or split their benefits in terms of outset. Additionally, IT projects cannot be categorized alone, therefore, making it difficult

Chinese and Comparative Company Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese and Comparative Company Law - Case Study Example Nowadays, globalization has become a trend. If we want to develop our economy, we'd better cooperate with others and adjust ourselves to the environment. In such a situation, more and more foreign companies have swarmed into China and become one of the strong strength to support the development of the economy. In our country, there are also many aspects of company law in order to protect people's legal profit. For instance, there is an established system of the company, the capital system of the company and the restructuring system of the company. Company law is concentrated on the management of the companies. It is helpful for all of the stuff to get equal chances and gain equal treatment. For the head of the companies, it is good for them to organize and manage the whole company much better. "The company law is just like a pair of glasses for the shortsighted. Putting on it, you can see much clearer and strengthen your judgment. Without it, you shall not have sharp insight. "2 It is a good metaphor. If there is no law for a company, we have no way to protect people's legal right and the equal computation will get nowhere. Besides, it also can limit some people's right who are in high position. "If a member of a liquidation group is found to have abused his or her power to seek personal g ains by resorting to deception, or speculated the company's property, he or her shall be ordered to return the property to the company, have the illegal proceeds confiscated and be imposed a fine one time to five times the amount of the illegal proceeds. If the case is serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be affixed according to law."3 Aim at not abusing the right, the law has made out the punishment. If anyone confirms it, they will be punished undoubtedly. Although the company law is just one part of Chinese law, it also promotes Chinese law's development. In worldwide, merger&acquisition companies have become one of the most popular forms. However, the complicated work model must be under the control of sound law. Merger&Acquisition Company is considered as a kind of system to welcome winners and eliminate losers in nowadays economical condition.  

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Research Paper

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that EEOC is under the mandatory obligation to monitor compliance and enforcement of Title VII under Civil Rights Act, 1964 along with other federal civil rights. Civil Rights Act, 1964, Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 are some such practices of EEOC that prohibit discrimination at workplace based on a range of factors age, nationality, ethnicity, gender, etc. Title VII of Civil Rights Act entails race, color, origin, gender, and religion as protected groups which show evidence of discrimination and the laws of EEOC are intended to protect employees and potential employees against discrimination. EEOC recommends that employees of all public-private firms are protected by federal laws against discrimination. In this regard, Title VII of Civil Rights Act, 1964 prohibits discrimination in terms of race, color, religion, sex or national origin in hiring, promoting, discharging, payment, fringe benefits, among other aspects of e mployment. The amended version of The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 protects employees, present and prospective, with disabilities in hiring, promoting, and other aspects of employment. For protecting discrimination based on an age of above 40 years who are the applicants or employees, The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 is handy to ensure equal opportunity. Also, Title VII of Civil Rights Act, 1964 and The Equal Pay Act of 1963 prohibit sex discrimination where women and men are paid different wages for the same work in the same organization. Further to this, all federal laws prohibit any retaliatory action by an employer in cases of filing of charges of discrimination by the employee, and it can amount to serious offense of the laws. Diversity at the workplace is practiced to ensure that individual differences are recognized and acknowledged to create an environment that is diverse and innovative, and which utilizes the contributions of the diverse backgroun ds of its employees. In the diverse workplace, EEO policies apply in addressing the disadvantaged groups prone to discrimination in terms of age, race, etc.

Philosophy mind and world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy mind and world - Essay Example ogic of premises, claims and conclusion whereas Heidegger’s philosophy demands deep understanding of metaphysics in order to decipher the same distinction between the self and its existence. Descartes offers proof in the discourse in his arguments of the six meditations in which he explains the distinction between mind and body while Heidegger elucidates the self on the basis of metaphysics. It can be argued that Rene Descartes has been more successful in undertaking the task of explaining ‘Next I examined attentively what I was’ than Heidegger. While Descartes defines the difference in the mind and body in his theory of dualism in stages of meditation and the experience of the person who undergoes hierarchy of meditation Heidegger’s explanation is based purely on metaphysics and philosophical sciences. Descartes’ explanation can be understood by pure logic of premises, claims and conclusion whereas Heidegger’s philosophy demands deep understanding of metaphysics in order to decipher the distinction between the self and its existence with reference to philosophy, mind and the world. Descartes’ explanation through meditation ‘ Next I examined attentively what I was’ I saw that while I could pretend that I had no body and that there was no world and no place for me to be in , I could not for all that pretend that I did not exist. I saw on the contrary that from the truth of other things, it followed quite evidently and certainly that I existed; whereas if I had merely ceased thinking, even if everything else I had ever imagined had been true, I should have had no reason to believe that I existed. From this I knew I was a substance whose whole essence or nature is simply to think and which does not require any place or depend on any material thing in order to exist (Hatfield, Descartes, and p246). The empirical â€Å"Descartes observed: "Thus the whole of philosophy is like a tree: the roots are metaphysics, the trunk is physics, and

Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death by Henry Patrick Research Paper

Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death by Henry Patrick - Research Paper Example It is significant to note that Patrick Henry's powerful speech was given on March 23, 1775 at St. John's Henrico Parish Church in Richmond. Through this articulation, we realize that there is a connection of beliefs and attitudes and that the speaker tries to trace it out for us to understand the notion well. There is a strong articulation from the availed phrases from Henry speech, which says, â€Å"It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. People may cry, Peace, Peace but there is no peace (Henry 10). The war is actually begun.† This strong norm shows there is a connection between beliefs and attitudes at large. Additionally, the availed speech is a sort of emotional appeal. Henry is quoted by saying, â€Å"Sir, we are not weak if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power.† This is an emotional articulation in that Henry was addressing the gathering out of hunger and sudden feelings. Henry speech was a well-organized speech in that it entailed some of the main characteristics that a well-organized speech adheres to (Vaughan 54). The speech is easier to understand, pleasing, easier to remember and credible as well. In addition, the speech portrayed a specific and purposely central idea characterized by main point that was supported and narrated in well conversant manner (Cohen 711). The style in this writing is formal. This was a speech directed to the president and the urge of being formal was an option. The speech was to address the president to pity the fate of the common citizens and being formal was one way of Henry to eliminate any sort of personal feeling rather address issue as a community spokesman. Henry stated that â€Å"Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with these war-like preparations, which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir.’ However, a metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. From the above Henrys words, we articulate that the speaker uses metaphors in this writings. From the excerpt, the author meant that freedom is the ability for an individual to make any choice they want, in any manner they deem fit as long as it does not harm or interfere with others’ pursuit of freedom (Cohen 714). The author’s beliefs advocated for maximized lives for those with minimum lives, this meaning that the lowest, least fortunate class of our society should be the most well off lowest class of all other societies no matter the cost. It is a complicated argument but a very charitable. As evident from the speech, the author did not advocate for socialism or equality but rather a well off lower class. The millionaire can still be a millionaire, but he must sacrifice some of his wealth to allow the least fortunate to live comfortably. At some point, the speech becomes even

Basic Electronics Essay Example for Free

Basic Electronics Essay The p-n junction is a homojunction between a p-type and an n-type semiconductor. It acts as a diode, which can serve in electronics as a rectifier, logic gate, voltage regulator (Zener diode), switching or tuner (varactor diode); and in optoelectronics as a light-emitting diode (LED), laser diode, photodetector, or solar cell. In a relatively simplified view of semiconductor materials, we can envision a semiconductor as having two types of charge carriers-holes and free electrons which travel in opposite directions when the semiconductor is subject to an external electric field, giving rise to a net flow of current in the direction of the electric field. Figure 1 illustrates the concept. A p-n junction consists of a p-type and n-type section of the same semiconductor materials in metallurgical contact. The p-type region has an abundance of holes (majority carriers) and a few mobile electrons (minority carriers); the n-type region has an abundance of mobile electrons and a few holes (Fig. 2). Both charge carriers are in continuous random thermal motion in all directions. Fig. 2. Energy levels and carrier concentrations for a p-type and n-type semiconductor before contact. 1 When a section of p-type material and a section of n-type material are brought in contact to form a pn junction, a number of interesting properties arise. The pn junction forms the basis of the semiconductor diode. Electrons and holes diffuse from areas of high concentration toward areas of low concentration. Thus, electrons diffuse from the n-region to the p-region. , leaving behind positively charged ionized donor atoms. In the p-region the electrons recombine with the abundant holes. Similarly, holes diffuse from the p-region into the n-region, leaving behind negatively charged ionized acceptor atoms. In the n-region the holes recombine with the abundant mobile electrons. This diffusion process does not continue indefinitely, however, because it causes a disruption of the charge balance in the two regions. As a result, a narrow region on both sides of the junction becomes nearly depleted of the mobile charge carriers. This region is called the depletion layer. It contains only the fixed charges (positive ions on the n-side and negative ions on the p-side). The thickness of the depletion layer in each region is inversely proportional to the concentration of dopants in the region. The net effect is that, the depletion region sees a separation of charge, giving rise to an electric field pointing from the n side to the p side. The fixed charges create an electric field in the depletion layer that points from the n-side towards the p-side of the junction. The charge separation therefore causes a contact potential (also known as built-in potential) to exist at the junction. This built-in field obstructs the diffusion of further mobile carriers through the junction region. An equilibrium condition is established that results in a net contact potential difference Vo between the two sides of the depletion layer, with the n-side exhibiting a higher potential than the p-side. This contact potential is typically on the order of a few tenths of a volt and depends on the material (about 0. 5 to 0. 7 V for silicon). The built-in potential provides a lower potential energy for an electron on the n-side relative to the p-side. As a result, the energy bands bend as shown in Fig. 3. In thermal equilibrium there is only a single Fermi function for the entire structure so that the Fermi levels in the p- and the n-regions must align. No net current flows across the junction. The currents associated with the diffusion and built-in field (drift current) cancel for both the electrons and holes. Fig. 3. A p-n junction in the Thermal equilibrium at T gt; 0? K. The depletion-layer, energy-band diagram, and concentrations (on a logarithmic scale) of the mobile electrons n(x) and holes p(x) are shown as a functions of the position x. The built-in potential difference V corresponds to the energy eV where e is the electron charge. 0 0 2 The Biased p-n Junction An externally applied potential will alter the potential difference between the p- and n-regions. This in turn will modify the flow of majority carriers, so that the junction can be used as a â€Å"gate†. If the junction is forward biased by applying a positive voltage V to the p-region (Fig. 4), its potential is increased with respect to the n-region, so that an electric field is produced in a direction opposite to that of the built-in field. The presence of the external bias voltage causes a departure from equilibrium and a misalignment of the Fermi levels in the p- and n-regions, as well as in the depletion layer. The presence of the two Fermi levels in the depletion layer, Efc and Efv represents a state of quasi-equilibrium. Fig. 4. Energy band diagram and carrier concentrations for a forward-biased p-n junction. In effect, then, if one were to connect the two terminals of the p-n junction to form a closed circuit, two currents would be present. First, a small current, called reverse saturation current, is, exists because of the presence of the contact potential and the associated electric field. In addition, it also happens that holes and free electrons with sufficient thermal energy can cross the junction. This current across the junction flows opposite to the reverse saturation current and is called diffusion current. Of course, if a hole from the p side enters, it is quite likely that it will quickly recombine with one of the n-type carriers on the n side. (Fig. 4) The net effect of the forward bias is to reduce the height of the potential-energy hill by an amount eV. The majority carrier current turns out to increase by an exponential factor exp(eV/kT). So that the net current becomes i = isexp(eV/kT) – is, where is is nearly a constant. The excess majority carrier holes and electrons that enter the n and p regions, respectively, become minority carriers and recombine with the local majority carriers. To explain the mechanism of reverse conduction, one needs to visualize the phenomenon of avalanche breakdown. When a very large negative bias is applied to the p-n junction, sufficient energy is imparted to charge carriers that reverse current can flow, well beyond the normal reverse, saturation current. In addition, because of the large electric field, electrons are energized to such levels that if they collide with other charge carriers at a lower energy level, some of their energy is transferred to the carriers with low energy, 4 and these can now contribute to the reverse conduction process, as well. This process is called impact ionization. Now, these new carriers may also have enough energy to energize other lowenergy electrons by impact ionization, so that once a sufficiently high reverse bias is provided, this process of conduction takes place very much like an avalanche: a single electron can ionize several others. Fig. 6. The reverse breakdown region The phenomenon of Zener breakdown is related to avalanche breakdown. It is usually achieved by means of heavily doped regions in the neighbourhood of the metal-semiconductor junction (the ohmic contact) . The high density of charge carriers provides the means for a substantial reverse breakdown current to be sustained at a much lower specific voltage than normal diode, at a nearly constant reverse bias known as the Zener voltage, Vz. This phenomenon is very useful in applications where one would like to hold some load voltage constant for example, in voltage regulators. The response time of a p-n junction to a dynamic (ac) applied voltage is determined by solving the set of differential equations governing the processes of electrons and hole diffusion, drift (under the influence of the built-in and external electric fields), and recombination. These effects are important for determining the speed at which the diode can be operated. They may be conveniently modeled by two capacitances, a junction capacitance and diffusion capacitance, in parallel with an ideal diode. The junction capacitance for the time necessary to change the fixed positive and negative charges stored in the depletion layer when the applied voltage changes. The thickness l of the depletion layer turns out to be proportional to v(Vo-V); it therefore increases under the reverse-bias conditions (negative V) and decreases under the forward-bias conditions (positive V). The junction capacitance C=?A/l (where A is the area of the junction) is therefore inversely proportional to v(VoV). The junction capacitance of a reverse-biased diode is smaller (and the RC response time is therefore shorter) than that of a forward-biased diode. The dependence of C on V is used to make voltage-variable capacitors (varactors). 5 Experiment l(a) : i-v characteristics of a semiconductor diode Procedure Connect the diode according to the circuit diagram as shown in Fig. 8. Fig 8 Vary the voltage V on the power supply between 0-30V. Alternately, the second concept is that the blocking action of an inductor stops the a. c. portion while the d. c. portion passes without much attenuation. Note: For filtering, large capacitance (hundreds to tens of hundreds microfarad) is needed. These are generally electrolytic capacitors, which consist of a repeating sandwich of aluminum sheets and a conducting paste, rolled into a cylinder for miminmun size. The aluminum sheets are polarized to form thin layers of aluminum oxide, a dielectric insulating material. The thinner the the dielectric the higher the capacitance will be.