Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

The Younger family is an African-American family living on the South Side of Chicago in the 1950s. Walter Lee Youngers father has passed away, leaving ten thousand dollars from life insurance. This drama deals with how the family copes with this money, their dreams, race, and each other. During the play, Mama says, Sometimes you just have to know when to give up more or less thingsand bandage on to what you got. This statement relates to Walter, Beneatha, and Mamas lives, because they each learn to give up and hold onto things.In the end, Beneatha holds onto what ideally should be all important(p). Through Asagai, she realizes that she is behind being assimilated into the American culture, which is shown by her unnaturally straight hair. After Agasai questions her hair, she cuts it, and later stands up for her heritage before George. This shows she holds onto her heritage and takes pride in it. In place setting three she shows she holds onto her dream of becoming a doctor, and also her family, along with Asagai. Throughout the play Beneatha must also give up things. In holding on to her heratige, she gives up material things. Along with this she must give up George Murchison. She cant accept his negativity about expressing their African heritage. She learns what to give up and hold onto mostly through Asagai. He helps her find her identity, which is just what she is looking for. She holds onto what is dear to her and what helps her explore herself.Walter is a very troubled individual. He believes that everything can be solve with money. By the end of the play, however, that belief is let go. He now believes that a close-knit family can solve much more than money. He rekindles his relationship with his wife, Ruth, and realizes how important she really is in his life. Momentarily, he gives up his familys pride to the idea of Mr. Linders offer of more money, but when the time eventually does come for him to posit the decision, he realizes how important it is to his family, and he decides to hold onto pride and give up money even after Willy Harris ran off with the money. Walter tries to hold onto his dream of owning a liquor store and making a lot of money for his family, but lets it go after losing the money and realizing family is more important.

The Cloning Debate :: Cloning Argumentative Persuasive Argument

The Cloning Debate The first attempt in cloning was conducted in 1952 on a group of frogs.The experiment was a partial success. The frog cells were cloned into otherliving frogs however, exclusively one in every thousand developed norm every last(predicate)y , all ofwhich were sterile. The rest of the frogs that survived grew to abnormally largesizes. In 1993, scientist and director of the in vitro lab at GeorgeWashington University, Jerry Hall and associate Robert Stillman, reported thefirst ever booming cloning of humankind embryos. It was the discovery of in-vitro fertilization in the 1940s that began the pursuit to ease the sufferingof infertile couples. After years of research, scientists learned that in atypical in-vitro procedure, doctors will insert three to five embryos in hopesthat, at most, one or two will implant (Elmer-Dewitt 38). And that a womanwith only one embryo has about a 10% to 20% chance of getting pregnant throughin-vitro fertilization. If that embryo could be cloned and turned into three orfour, thechances of a successful pregnancy would increase significantly(Elmer-Dewitt 38). The experiment the scientists performed is the equivalent of a motherproducing twins. The process has been practiced and almost perfected in inventory for the past ten years, and some scientists believe that it seems onlylogical that it would be the next step in in-vitro fertilization. The procedurewas remarkably simple. Hall and Stillman selected embryos that were abnormalbecause they came from eggs that had been fertilized by more than one sperm(Elmer-Dewitt 38), because the embryos were defective, it would have beenimpossible for the scientist to actually clone another person. They did however,split the embryos into dissociate cells, as a result creating separate andidentical clones. They began experimenting on seventeen of the defectiveembryos and when one of those single-celled embryos divided into two cellthescientists quickly separated the cells, creati ng two different embryos with thesame ancestral information (Elmer-Dewitt 38). The cells are coated with aprotective covering called a zona pellucida, that is essential to development(Elmer-Dewitt 38), which was stripped away and replaced with a gel-likesubstance do from seaweed that Hall had been experimenting with. Thescientists were able to produce forty-eight clones, all of which died within sixdays. Other scientist have been quoted saying that although the experiment isfairly uncomplicated, it had not been tested in front because of the moral andethical issues surrounding an experiment such as this one. Some people believethat aiding infertile couples is the only true benefit to cloning human embryos,

Media Use of Stereotypes Essay -- Media Stereotypes Stereotyping

Media Use of StereotypesWe live in a world of technological innovation where mass media is a major part of us today. raft make assumptions on what they hear. They do not try to analyze the situation to see who is right and who is wrong, and mass media is the main source of manipulating ones mind. The concept of propaganda has changed over time. Propagandists micturate ideas stereotypically through the use of propaganda and use media to promote it and target peoples minds to have influence on their views towards a certain group of people. These ideas create negative or domineering images in the intended audiences minds. However, it is notable that the information is only the one that is exemplified through media and in that respectfore, can be wrong or changed than what reality is. Different stereotypes work tumesce in propaganda with the help of propaganda tactics through the use of political campaigns and commercial advertising exposed by mass media. Many critics define propaga nda differently however, there is a general agreement that propaganda is concerned with influencing opinions (Cole, 1998). The word propaganda has many other synonyms such as big lie, persuasion, brainwashing, disinformation, etc. Propaganda is not a realistic depicting of an issue rather it is something that is changed to manipulate the intended public. Propaganda is the aim to change peoples views about an issue and the way these aims are intended on the targeted audience is the way propaganda is presented, specially through mass media. Evidently, people strongly tend to select the media, which carry contents with which they already agree (Jackall, 1995). Media tends to produce what they know people will the likes of to hear. On the other hand, people make ce... ...hat how much of the information they consume reflects reality and therefore, propagandists benefit by creating stereotypical views, which work well in line drawing propaganda. WORK CITEDDefinitions of Propaganda. Ed. Robert Cole. The Encyclopedia of Propaganda. 3 vols. New York Sharpe Reference , 1998. Do The Math. FIRST For Women On The Go 19 Apr. 2004 n. pag.Johnston, Carla B. Screened Out - How The Media Control Us & What We Can Do About It. Armonk M. E. Sharpe, Inc, 2000. 23-24.LaRose, Robert, and Joseph Straubhaar. Media Now - Understanding Media, Culture and Technology. 4th ed. Belmont Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2004.379.Propaganda. Ed. Robert Jackall. New York New York UP, 1995. 89.Ryan, John, and William M. Wentworth. Media & Society - The Production of Culture in the Mass Media. Needham Heights Allyn & Bacon, 1999. 52.

The Breakfast Club Essay -- essays research papers

A Misleading ExteriorIn the film, The Breakfast Club (1985), John Bender, the slovenly rebel at Shermer High School in Chicago, is serving a Saturday detention with four very different students. Right from the beginning, Bender exhibits the qualities of a destructive and thoughtless criminal, i.e., he taunts everyone else in order to overlay his personal inadequacies. Whenever Bender is questioned by his peers about a personal issue, or whenever he cannot provide a clear answer to a question, healbeit defensively responds in a facetious and irritated manner. Bender demonstrated this when Andrew Clark, the sporto, told him that he did not count, and that if he disappeared forever it wouldnt make any difference. Distraught from Andrews bold comment, Bender sarcastically retorted, Well, Ill just run right out and join the wrestling team... As time goes on, Bender slowly sheds his rough view and starts opening up his true self to the other students.At first, Bender is a crude ruffian, who no one respects, particularly Mr. Richard Vernon, the disciplinarian at the mellow school. When all of the students arrive in the library for their detention, Bendershowing no respect for Vernons rulesis the first to communicate with the rest of them. Bender continually proposes tempting, all the same unlawful things to do. However, the other students, who dislike Bender, refuse to listen. As soon as Mr. Vernon leaves the gives the students an essay...

Identity Theft Essay -- essays research papers

IntroductionThere is currently a huge growing number of criminals that at one time do greater and more widespread damage to their victims without ever meeting them. Identity theft surfaced in the early 1990s and turned peoples everyday legal proceeding into a data gathering game. Bits of personal information such as margecards, credit card accounts, income, social earnest numbers or just soul name, address, and phone numbers are now collected and could be use illegally by these individuals without anyones knowledge. The purpose of this study is to investigate what is being make to help control this growing crime in North Carolina. This includes the evaluation of the identity theft policies that the banks in North Carolina have in place. The study try to determine which bank had better and tougher policies as well as whether or not these security policies had helped reduce identity theft complaints in North Carolina since the booking of its origin. Background of the studyIdent ity theft is whereby an individual obtains some piece of an unsuspecting victims sensitive information and uses it without their knowledge to rely fraud or theft. According to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), people whose identities have been stolen can spend months or years and their hard earned bullion trying to clean up the mess the thieves have made of their good name and credit record. Some victims have lost job opportunities, been refused loans for education, housing, cars or even arrested for crimes they didnt commit. According to the FBI statistics, Identity Theft is the fastest growing crime in the U.S.s (Tribune Business News, 2003). Identity theft thieves have perfected the graphics of collecting information of unsuspecting victims and now all the law enforcement agencies, as well as affected companies, are working hard to find shipway to combat these issues. There are several ways that identity theft thieves gain access to your personal information. Lost wallets, p urses, stolen or lost mail used to be the main source of such private information. Mail, which sometime, includes bank statements, pre-approved credit cards, and tax papers are a source of a large marrow of data. In recent years, many have been known to steal reco... ...g numbers of identity theft cases, since the late nineties, have become a growing mend for the law enforcement agency and the community as a whole. Involving the public in this warfare calls for all organizations, banks included, to get tighter policies in place and protect the integrity and security of their customers data. This study will show whether or not the implemented policies in the local banks have helped reduce identity theft cases overall. investigate Questions and HypothesisTo perform our research study, we attempted to get answers to these questions How do North Carolina bank policies reduce the spread of identity theft? To what extenet are the policies of one bank better than the policies in the ot hers in reducing identity theft occurrence? What role can N.C. bank consumers play in reducing the risk of fair identity theft victims? We hoped that the responses would prove our hypoithesis the banks that have tight security policies in place have less consumer complaints than those that do not. Literature ReviewAs utter earlier, the method of data collection was done using a survey

The No Child Left Behind Act: Imperfect Legislation Essay example -- e

Through the years there experience been many pushes for better teaching and each time new laws are implemented. Many of the old laws have been updated with correctments. These new laws are given a new name. The No Child Left Behind Act has given everyone a new approach to education while implementing many new stipulations and regulations. Schools have been classified as failing many times in the past and the government has made a intention to try and improve the education system in each instance. No Child Left Behind Act, when implemented, was a repeat of the Elementary and Secondary precept Act of 1965 (Background & Analysis). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was the major federal law authorizing federal spending on programs to support K-12 schooling, with the primary goal to improve educational equity for students from lower income families by providing federal funds to school districts serving hapless students, (Background & Analysis). It, Also, St rengthened Title 1, the program targeting billions of federal dollars to education for the poor children, ( interrogatory No CHild Left Behind). The No Child Left Behind Act was designed to improve student achievement and change the culture of Americas schools, (Archived psychiatric hospital No Child Left Behind). In essence, according to the U.S. Department of Education in 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act was designed to frame broad leaps in improvement in the achievement of students and force more accountability on the schools and states for students progress (No Child Left Behind). Originally, the act was meant to be a sweeping education law determined to improve public schools (Testing No Child Left Behind). No Child Left Behind Act was ... ...ind/.Testing No Child Left Behind. PBS. PBS, 5 Sept. 2008. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. . Whitney, Suzanne. No Child Left Behind - What Teachers, Principals and Administrators Need to Know About NCLB by Suzanne Whitney - Wrightslaw. Wright slaw. Peter W. D. Wright and Pamela Darr Wright, n.d. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. . George W. Bush on Education H.R. 1--107th Congress No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. www.GovTrack.us. 2001. January 30, 2015. Standards and Assessment. NCLB Action Briefs. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2015. .

Proud to Be an Indian Essay

India, a countrified with a stopping point having more than ten thousand years has enriched the spheric scientific, educational, economic and cultural scenario signifi basetly. That is the reason why preindication Twain has stated India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend and the bully grandmother of tradition. Being born in such a gr fertilise country, you have millions of reasons to feel rarified as an Indian. Some of them are 1 .Indian culture is the best in the worldThe very word culture st blinded from the country India. When the people of todays developed nations were wandering uniform nomadic, Indians built Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, the number one ever planned city of the world. India is the home to four major religions of the world. The first epic of the world was written in India. Sanskrit, according to a major assort of linguistics is considered as the mother of all European languages. Forbes magazine has rated Sanskrit as the most suitable language for software applications. 2. First university of the world was established in Takshila(in Modern Bihar) in the year 700BC. More than 60 subjects were taught here to near about 10,500 students who came from different parts of the world. 3. We have never invaded any country in the entire history of 5000 years. Rather, Buddha and Gandhi taught the world the power of non-violence and truth. Recently, American president Barak Obama has openly admitted that Gandhi is an ideal for him.4. Till 1896, India was the only known source of diamond in the world. marvelous wealth of India attracted several invaders and traders. Till the invasion of British East India Company, India was the richest country of the world. 5. Number system is the greatest contribution of India to science in general and mathematics in particular. Indian Mathematician Aryabhatta invented zero. Bhaskaracharya, in fifth century, calculated the time taken by earth to rotate around sun exactly. Budhayana calculated the value of pi. Algebra, trigonometry and calculus had their origin India during sixth century. 6. Ayurveda, the earliest school of medicine has its origin in India. Surgery was done for the first time India by Sushruta 2600 years back. 7. India taught the art of navigation to the world on River Sind 6000 years back.Proof to it is the derivation of the very word navigation from NAVGATIH (a Sanskrit word). 8. Just like Indian culture and lifestyle of India , Indian Food has in any case been influenced by various civilizations and Regional Cultures. Traditional Indian food is not only famous worldwide for its spicy and lip-smacking taste, but also popular for its importance in the direction of importanttaining a healthy life style. Indian food is both delicious and good for health. It matches to the requirements and taste of both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. Indians like hot, fresh and nutritious food in their daily die t. However, each part of India has its own unique cuisine and way of preparing recipes. In North India, Roti is proffered over rice. example of cheese, curd, milk and vegetables in preparing different dishes is primarily marked in North-India.Tandoori is one of the most important dishes of North India which has a pan -Indian acceptance. Use of oil in preparing tandoori is minimal and only selected Indian spices are added while preparing any tandoori recipe. In south India, use of tamarind and pepper while preparing recipes is common. Here, people prefer to eat rice over Roti. Use of coconut oil in preparing dishes is marked in several south Indian states. Dosa is one of the most popular sulphur Indian foods that have a pan-Indian appeal. In eastern part of India, people are generally fond of rice and fish. This is due to the availability of fish in abundance. Fish recipes of several types are vital aspects of East Indian food. In the western-part of India, spicy food is the first preference of people. Here also you can mark dominance of cheese while preparing dishes. Both rice and roti are popular in western India.9. Family is the longest surviving institution of India irrespective of the ages, transformations, religious and policy-making views compared to any other country and it shows how rich is our Indian culture. 10. I am proud to be Indian because of our countrys achievements in space and missile technology. India has launched a number of satellites in space for helping us in weather forecast, communications, medical research, and education. The missiles such as Agni, Prithvi strengthened our nations protective cover and ensured a place in the elite group of the worlds powerful countries. Moreover, our scientists have lifted Indias pride by placing our Tri-colour on the moon on and are now looking for landing in the planet Mars. 11. India is a country where people respect elders live in peace and harmony. India is the only country where there are p eople of different languages, religions and race, but all of them live together in harmony. There are 22 official languages and over 1600 dialects spoken. roughly 650 different recognised tribes reside across the country. 12. India is the largest democracy in the world. It has a civilisation that is more than 5000 years old and boasts of multiple cultural origins. There is an rising global, scientific and technological superpower. 13. It is a land of holy rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Cauvery,Mahanadi etc and beautiful mountains spread densely in north and eastern india and dense forests scattered all over india . We find many seas in the South of India. There is natural beauty in our country.14. My country with its rich heritage and tradition I pronounce is the most beautiful nation. We are also recognised for being the worlds second largest in population. But unity in diversity is the main reason for my pride in being an Indian. We have different languages, different c ultures, food, clothes, and traditions and yet we stand united. Non violence, democracy, intelligence based on our high standards of education, our natural wealth, harmony, festivals, family, system, caring for the aged, service and sacrifice are some of the things that I am proud of our land. 15. Among the finest institutions this country has produced are the Indian Armed Forces. It is the worlds third largest rest army comprising over 1.1 million men in uniform.16. I am proud also of the education provided by the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Managements (IIMs) which can boast of standards equal to the best in the world at far less cost. Products of these institutions now head global organizations and play a major function in organizations like NASA. Indians are familiar as doctors and scientists in many developed countries. 17. We Indians are the wealthiest among all ethnic groups in America , even faring founder than the whites and the n atives.There are 3.22 millions of Indians in USA (1.5% of population). YET,38% of doctors in USA are Indians.12% scientists in USA are Indians.36% of NASA scientists are Indians.34% of Microsoft employees are Indians.28% of IBM employees are Indians.17% of INTEL scientists are Indians.13% of XEROX employees are Indians.18. Chess and Hockey was invented in India.I have got tons of reasons to savor my country, but the most important thing is I love my country and I need no reason for it. Jai HindI am proud to be an Indian

Meaning of Life Meaning †Religion Essay

We walk around in the world and we as human beings hear to find fulfillment and happiness in many things such as sports, friends, and boy/girlfriends and as young people when we get rejected by these things we manage like we cant go on with life. . But i challenge you to think about the meaning of LIFE. Well Life is a Gift of God, Abundance of receiving things. . In John 4 its speaks on living water and how Jesus uses both the physical and spiritual meaning of water when he speaks to theSamaritan Woman, He refers to the spiritual side as living water.People in the world tend to you suicide or hurting themselves as a delegacy out of situations but God gave us eternal life so that we may be humble servants unto him. . God never puts more on us than we can bear. . Life is important so we really need to know the meaning of it because it seems to be lost in todays society. .I used to be bitter and sad before i had gotten saved. . I had a huge void that needed to be filled and nothing t ruly could fill it. . overlook GOD.

Psychopathy Essay

There have been many studies linking conduct disorder to asocial personality disorder and sometimes to psychopathy as swell. Conduct disorder appears in children and adolescents and involves behavior that violates rights of others and/or societal norms or rules. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), the soulfulnesss behavior must include work onions such as aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violations of rules, as well as a clinically significant impairment in the adolescents social, academic, or occupational functioning.The DSM-IV states that in order for a child or adolescent to be found to be presenting Conduct Disorder he or she must present with three or more of the above listed behaviors in the past twelve months, including at least angiotensin-converting enzyme in the past six months (McCaullum, pp. 6-12, 2001). Those who present with antisocial personality disorder whitethorn or may not present with psychopathy. There are dickens main assessment devices used to evaluate the level of psychopathy that a person exhibits. The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) was real by Robert Hare in 1980 and revised in 1991 (Blair et al, 2005).The Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) is another device used to assess psychopathy in adults (Frick & Hare, 2001a). Both of these assessments consist of twenty behavioral items, scored from zero to two, that are used to measure whether or not a person possesses certain traits that, when combined, are mutual to those of people diagnosed with psychopathy. There have been many research studies conducted over the years concerning the validity and effectiveness of the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised.One such understand was aimed at assessing whether or not the level of psychopathy of an individual, as measured by the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised, was correlated to that individuals probability of rub y-red recidivism (Tengstrom, Grann, Langstrom, & Kullgren, 2000). The study had a example size of 202 male violent wrongdoers presenting with schizophrenia that ranged in ages from 16 to 67. The base rate for each(prenominal) individuals Psychopathy Checklist- Revised score was 26 and the base rate for reconvictions during follow-up was 21% (Tengstrom, Grann, Langstrom, & Kullgren, 2000). Overall, his study showed a positive relationship between score on the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised and the level of violent recidivism.The implications of this research study show that the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised can be used as a tool to gauge the likelihood of reconvictions concerning violent crimes, at least when discussing male violent offenders that present with schizophrenia. some other study, conducted by Walters and colleagues (2003), strived to determine whether the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised or the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF) compared to each other when as sessing levels of disciplinary adjustment and recidivism.Although the results of the study showed that the two testings were similar in results, the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form only took about ten transactions to complete while the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised takes between two and three hours (Walters et al, 2003). Therefore, it was concluded in the study that if there was a high risk of offender recidivism or disciplinary maladjustment, the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form would possibly be a better choice due to the cost-effectiveness of the inventory.Due to the abundance of characteristics tested for in the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised, there have been many studies to assess which of those have a greater effect than others when discussing propensity to commit violent offenses. According to Blair and associates (2002), one of the specific symptoms presented in individuals with psychopathy is a reduced level of empathic response. There has been a positive relati onship found between high levels of antisocial behavior and low levels of empathic response.This supports the reason that both the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the Antisocial Process Screening Device for children include the lower levels of empathetic response to victims in their criteria of psychopathy (Blair et al, 2005). One of the most common methods in which this theory has been tested is by measuring the level of skin conductance in individuals while presenting them with images of people in distress. Both children with psychopathic tendencies and adults with psychopathy present reduced autonomic reactivity (Blair et al, 1997).This study shows that while those not presenting with psychopathy show high levels of autonomic responsiveness through sweating due to empathy felt by viewing the disturbing images, those that present with psychopathy or psychopathic tendencies do not. According to a study conducted by Blair and Coles (2000), individuals presenting with psy chopathic tendencies or psychopathy tend to have a reduced ability to name both fearful facial expressions and fearful verbal affect (Stevens et al, 2001).An interesting fact coinciding with this finding is that while both children with psychopathic tendencies as well as adults with psychopathy present with this lowered empathetic response to fear and sadness, they do not show impairment in responding to expressions of happiness, anger, or surprise (Blair et al, 2005). Another factor associated with psychopathic tendencies or psychopathy is a partially inhibited ability to make the distinction between deterrent example and conventional transgressions.A moral transgression is explained by Turiel (1983) as one that is outlined by its consequences pertaining to the rights and well-being of individuals, such as hurting a person. A conventional transgression is assessed by its consequences for the social order (Turiel, 1983). A person that is not presenting with psychopathy will not pr esent with an inability to distinguish between moral and conventional transgressions. They tend to reference the victim in a moral or conventional transgression situation more frequently when explaining their reason as to why they believed the transgression to be wrong.In the case of those presenting with psychopathic tendencies, psychopathy, as well as some other antisocial disorders, individuals make less references to the victims included in the situation and also seem to have a more difficult time distinguishing between moral and conventional transgressions discussed in the situation (Blair et al 1995a). The second of the two previously mentioned deficiencies in the ability to distinguish between moral and conventional transgressions is even more prevalent when the rules banning the specific transgressions are removed from the scenario.Thus, if there is no law or rule prohibiting the act or transgression, children with psychopathic tendencies, adults with psychopathy, as well as other antisocial populations will show a decreased ability to distinguish between the two types of transgressions (Nucci & Herman, 1982). Another area that is studied in order to search for differences in populations that present with psychopathy is that of gender and ethnicity. In a study by McCoy and Edens (2006), researchers looked to test the theory that stated that individuals of African descent are more likely to present with psychopathy.The study included 945 Black and White youths who were assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist- young Version. There was a lack of results showing any significant difference between Caucasians and those of African descent. However, there was an unexplained heterogeneity among the individual races. The researchers from this study rede that more research should be conducted in this area of study in order to attempt to discover the reason for this similarity within the individual races.Another study, this one conducted by Kosson, Smith, and Ne wman (1990), used a combination of three separate research projects in order to come to a conclusion. The first study was aimed at examining the internal structure of the Psychopathy Checklist and and its scores in relation to several constructs relevant to psychopathy. This first study found that there were differences between Whites and Blacks in the dispersal of psychopathy scores. It also noted a difference between the two groups in the relation of psychopathy to measures of impulsivity.The second study was focused on assessing patterns of resistless avoidance manifestations as compared to the results in a study conducted by Newman and Kosson (1986). It found that the levels of passive avoidance manifestations were similar, but not identical, in the two groups. The third and utmost study consisted of assessing the levels of barbarous charges received by both psychopaths and non-psychopaths. This portion of the study was particularly interesting in that it found that psychopa ths do, in fact, receive more criminal charges than do non-psychopaths (Kosson, Smith, & Newman, 1990).

Parliamentary Sovereignty

It remains a first principle of our constitutional fair play that Parliament in enacting primary legislation is supreme. parliamentary reign has been satisfactory though not departed from in different ways by our adoption of the impartiality of the European conjunction through the European Communities tour 1972 and by the benignant Rights fare 1998. Per Lord Justice Laws, R (MISICK) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs 2010 EWCA Civ 1549 Evaluate this statement with reference to hold sound authorities.In order to evaluate this statement it is important to understand what Parliamentary reign is and how it relates to European Union uprightness with the enactment of the European Communities Act 1972 and the Human Rights Act 1998. The doctrine of parliamentary s overeignty means that Parliament is the supreme Law maker of the UK, hence Parliament is free to make or unmake any law it wishes with the exception that it cannot limit its own power or bind itse lf when it complys to future legislation.This dictates that all courts must uphold legislation laid take in by Parliament. The principle, wherefore, of parliamentary sovereignty means neither more nor less than this, namely that Parliament has the right to make or unmake any law whatever and further, that no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set deflexion the legislation of Parliament The principle of Parliamentary sovereignty was derived from the fundamental doctrines of the Magna Carta, Petition of Rights and the Bill of Rights.Unlike many other countries the UK has no written constitution meaning that it is compromising to be interpreted in the courts however the judge sees fit. The doctrine of Parliamentary conquest is clearly in conflict with the full recognition of the community law in the UK. However, many things act so as to make parliamentary advantage delusive, since international treaty obligations mean that certain legislation would never be passed. The agreement of Rome does not state that EU law is to take precedence over domestic law.However, the ECJ in the case of Costa v ENEL utter that member States are bound to follow EU law. This is reflected in the European Communities Act 1972, s 2(1) which provides that rights, powers and obligations under the Treaties are, without further enactment, to be given legal outcome in member States. Accordingly, right off applicable and directly effective EU law would take precedence over domestic law and if domestic law conflicted with EU law, domestic law would need to be changed. The European Communities Act 1972 s. (1)4 directly imposes provisions of the Treaties, together with EU Regulations and other directly applicable European law, whether they were passed before or after the UK joined the European Union. It also invalidates existing domestic law wherever the two conflict and thereby the former is directly valid. Membership of the European Un ion is derogation from parliamentary sovereignty since all of the European Unions powers flow from Parliaments sovereignty through the original act, and therefore Parliament retains ultimate sovereignty.There is a limited retention of parliamentary sovereignty in many res publicas of European concern, since the UK has limited powers to determine penalties for breach of European Union law, and since the option is often left open in directives not to implement parts of the directive. It would appear that the doctrine of Parliament supremacy has been significantly qualified by the UK social status of the community. If absolute supremacy no longer exists, it could be restored by repealing European Community Act 1972.But the practical reality is that a new legal order has been created, in which the community law has supremacy over national law. The European Union was accused by Lord Denning of interfering with Parliament sovereignty in the absence of express authority by the EC Treaty. However the UK membership and the European Union subscribe to together caused a significant area of legislative power to pass to EU. This does not mean that it is permanent but if the UK decided to leave the European Union, then Parliament could exercise its ultimate sovereign authority by Act of Parliament and epeal the European Communities Act 1972, whereby the provisions of the EU Treaties would no longer have effect in domestic law. If the supremacy within the European Community of Community law over the national law of member states was not always inherent in the EEC Treaty it was certainly well established in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice long before the United Kingdom joined the Community. Thus, whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972 was entirely voluntary. European Union Law challenges the concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty.The European Union also has the doctrine of supremacy which means a ll member states must adhere to European Union laws as opposed to their own national laws. This may have restrained Parliamentary Sovereignty in the UK upon its entry to the European Union in 1972. In order to comply with the European Court of Justice the UK Parliament enacted the European Communities Act 1972 and the Human Rights Act 1998. Lord Denning stated that signing the treaty was only the first step as Community law could not be implement merely by signing a Treaty of Accession.Parliament passed the European Community Act 1972, which came into force on 1st January 1973, whereby Community law become applicable in the UK. It is an essential aspect of sovereignty that all states should have supreme control over their internal affairs, subject to the recognised limitation imposed by international law. Parliamentary approval is not required for EU legislation that is binding in the UK, which again jeopardises the UK sovereignty. The major case that encapsulates this is Factorta me, by enacting the Merchant ecstasy Act 1988, Parliament breached European law.In this case the compatibility was challenged. The Factortame decision marks a clear, if not important, that constitutional departure from the traditional view of parliamentary sovereignty. Since Factortame, UK law right off recognises that Community institutions have the right to make decisions and issue regulations which may override legislation by Parliament. The Human Rights Act 1998 was introduced in order to comply with the European Convention of Human Rights so that national law was more compatible with European Union law and to protect Parliamentary sovereignty. It first came into force on 2 October 2000.TheHuman Rights Actempowers courtsto read legislation in such a way as to give effect to the European Convention onHuman Rights. Article 46 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that the government must abide by and must follow final decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. Actions of UK judges are limited by a constitutional compromise developed over centuries, while European judges have been given enormous power. Although Parliament could pass legislation today withdrawing Britain from the EU and Community law would cease to apply at the national level.The Human Rights Act 1998 seems only to go so far where Parliament is concerned as is shown with the relatively new anti-terrorism laws. S. 2(1) of the HRA makes it clear these laws are still to be interpreted by the courts in their own way. A court or tribunal determining a question which has arisen in connection with a Convention right must take into account any judgment, declaration or advisory opinion of the European Court of Human Rights (b) decision of the Commission etc. . henever made or given, so far as, in the opinion of the court or tribunal, it is relevant to the proceedings in which that question has arisen. Ever since the UK joined the EU in 1972, the EU has compete an increasing role in Britain, and as a result has had an impact on the UK sovereignty. Therefore clearly any Community law would prevail over UK legislation passed before 1972, as this is uncontroversial and accords with the traditional doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. However, the doctrine depends largely on the obedience by the judiciary to the doctrine of implied repeal. So the issue arises as s. (4), which declares that any future enactment to be passed must be applied subject to the provisions of the ECA 1972. Therefore since Dicey defines sovereignty as continuing , it would seem that s. 2(4) is clearly an attempt by parliament, contrary to the very principle of the UKs constitutional, to suspend the doctrine of implied repeal and consequently, bind its successors. As membership of the European Union is derogation from Parliamentary Sovereignty in practice, all of the European Unions powers flow from Parliaments original Act and therefore surely Parliament retains ultimate supreme.Lord D enning stated that if the UK chose to take back complete supremacy it could easily do so by leaving the European Union. If the time should come when our Parliament deliberately passes an Actwith the intention of repudiating the Treaty or any provision in it or intentionally of acting inconsistently with it and says so in express terms then I should have thought that it would be the duty of our courts to follow the statute of our Parliament. This could create problems for the UK in certain areas, both economically and politically.The UK now having been a member state for nearly 30 years has to take the economic growth and other positive aspects with the negative aspects of being a member state, one being a lesser sense of Parliamentary sovereignty. As stated by Margaret Thatcher It is a myth that our membership of the Community forget suffocate national tradition and culture. Are the Germans any less German for being in the Community, or the French any less French? Of movement the y are not References House of Commons European scrutiny committee. (2010). The EU Bill and Parliamentary sovereignty. gettable http//www. ublications. parliament. uk/pa/cm201011/cmselect/cmeuleg/633/633i. pdf European Communities Act 1972. Available http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1. Last accessed1st expose 2012 Human Rights Act 1998. Available http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents. Last accessed1st borderland 2012 Brazier, R. (). APPENDIX 1 THE PARLIAMENT ACTS. Available http//www. publications. parliament. uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldconst/141/14104. htm. Last accessed 1st March 2012 Wagner, A. (2011). Does parliamentary sovereignty still reign supreme?. Available http//www. guardian. o. uk/law/2011/jan/27/supreme-court-parliamentary-sovereignty. Last accessed 1st March 2012. (2011). Imprisoned by a Doctrine The Modern Defence of Parliamentary Sovereignty. Available http//ojls. oxfordjournals. org/content/early/2011/10/19/ojls. gqr027. abst ract. Last accessed 1st March 2012 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame (No. 2) 1991 1 AC 603 Flaminio Costa v ENEL1964 ECR 585 (6/64) 1 . Dicey, A. V. 1982 1914. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTION. eighth ed. Indianapolis Liberty Fund 2 .Flaminio Costa v ENEL1964 ECR 585 (6/64) 3 . http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1972/68/section/1 4 . Lord Denningin Bulmer Ltd v J. Bollinger (1974) 5 . R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p Factortame (No. 2) 1991 1 AC 603 6 . Martin, E. Oxford Dictionary of Law (2002), 5th Edition, Oxford University Press, Press, Pg 469 7 . http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1988/12/contents 8 . http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents 9 . Human Rights Act 1998, http//www. legislation. gov. uk/ukpga/1998/42/contents 10 . Lord Denning

American and French Revolutions

A watershed event in modern European history, the french Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of short sleep Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their countrys political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as positive monarchy and the feudal system. kindred the American Revolution originally it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights.Although it failed to achieve each of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the world-beater constitutional in the will of the people. Prelude to the French Revolution Monarchy in Crisis As the 18th century drew to a close, Frances costly involvement in theAmerican Revolutionand extravagant spending by KingLouis XVI(1754-1793) and his predecessor had left the country o n the brink of bankruptcy.Not only were the royal coffers depleted, only both decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. military personnely expressed their desperation and resentment toward a government activity that imposed heavy taxes yet failed to provide relief by rioting, looting and striking. In the fall of 1786, Louis XVIs controller general, Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), proposed a financial square a expressive style package that included a universal land tax from which the privileged rankes would no longer be exempt.To garner support for these measures and forestall a ontogenesis aristocratic revolt, the king summoned the solid grounds-General (les etats generaux)an assembly representing Frances clergy, splendour and middle classfor the first time since 1614. The meeting was scheduled for May 5, 1789 in the meantime, delegates of the three estates from ind ividually locality would compile lists of grievances (cahiers de doleances) to present to the king. The French Revolution at Versailles Rise of the Third earth Frances population had changed acquireably since 1614.The non-aristocratic members of the Third Estate presently represented 98 percent of the people but could still be outvoted by the other two bodies. In the lead-up to the May 5 meeting, the Third Estate began to mobilize support for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble vetoin other words, they wanted suffrage by head and non by status. While all of the orders shared a common desire for fiscal and judicial reform as well as a more typical form of government, the nobles in particular were loath to give up the privileges they enjoyed under the traditional system.By the time the Estates-General convened at Versailles, the spunkyly public debate over its voting process had erupted into hostility between the three orders, eclipsing the original purpose of the meeting and the authority of the man who had convened it. On June 17, with talks over procedure stalled, the Third Estate met alone and formally adopted the title of subject field Assembly three days later, they met in a nearby indoor tennis court and took the alleged(prenominal) Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume), vowing non to disperse until constitutional reform had been achieved.Within a week, most of the clerical deputies and 47 liberal nobles had joined them, and on June 27 Louis XVI grudgingly absorbed all three orders into the clean assembly. The French Revolution Hits the Streets The Bastille and the Great Fear On June 12, as the National Assembly (know as the National Constituent Assembly during its work on a constitution) continued to meet at Versailles, fear and rage consumed the capital. Though enthusiastic about the young breakdown of royal power, Parisians grew panicked as rumors of an impending military coup began to circulate.A popular insurgency culminated on July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to cover gunpowder and weapons many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a subject field holiday, as the start of the French Revolution. The wave of alterationary fervor and far-flung hysteria quickly swept the countryside. Revolting against years of exploitation, peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords and the seigniorial elite.Known as the Great Fear (la Grande peur), the agrarian insurrection hastened the outgrowth exodus of nobles from the country and inspired the National Constituent Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789, signing what the historian Georges Lefebvre later called the death credentials of the old order. The French Revolution Turns Radical Terror and Revolt In April 1792, the newly elected Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia, where it believed that French emigres were building counterrevolutionary alliances it a lso hoped to spread its revolutionary deals across Europe through warfare. On the domestic front, meanwhile, the political crisis took a revolutionary turn when a group of insurgents led by the extremist Jacobins attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested the king on August 10, 1792. The following month, amid a wave of violence in which Parisian insurrectionists massacred hundreds of accused counterrevolutionaries, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French democracy.On January 21, 1793, it sent King Louis XVI, condemned to death for high treason and offensive activitys against the state, to the guillotine his wifeMarie-Antoinette(1755-1793) suffered the same fate nine months later. Following the kings execution, war with various European powers and intense cleavages within the National Convention ushered the French Revolution into its most violent and turbulent phas e. In June 1793, the Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate Girondins and instituted a series of radical measures, including the establishment of a new calendar and the eradication of Christianity.They also unleashed the bloody Reign of Terror (la Terreur), a 10-month period in which suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre, who dominated the draconian Committee of Public Safety until his own execution on July 28, 1794. His death marked the send-off of the Thermidorian Reaction, a moderate phase in which the French people revolted against the Reign of Terrors excesses. The French Revolution Ends Napoleons RiseOn August 22, 1795, the National Convention, composed by and large of Girondins who had survived the Reign of Terror, approved a new constitution that created Frances first bicameral legislature. Executive power would lie in the hands of a five-m ember Directory (Directoire) appointed by parliament. Royalists and Jacobins protested the new regime but were swiftly silenced by the army, now led by a young and successful general named Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821). The Directorys four years in power were riddled with financial crises, popular discontent, inefficiency and, above all, political corruption.By the late 1790s, the directors relied almost entirely on the military to chief(prenominal)tain their authority and had ceded a great deal of their power to the generals in the field. On November 9, 1799, as frustration with their leadership reached a fever pitch, Bonaparte staged a coup detat, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself Frances first consul. The event marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, in which France would come to dominate much of continental Europe. Similarities America France Revolutionary Twins?The American and French Revolutions were fought several y ears and an ocean apart. However, they feature enough similarities that some people initially consider them mirror struggles. After all, there are some easy comparisons both revolutions occurred in the later eighteenth century. Both subverted an existing, monarchical government. Finally, both created ripe conditions for constitutionalism and turbid patriotism. But dig more deeply, and youll dress that this same revolution, different continent concept is not as tidy as it initially appears.Further similarities between the two revolutions are just different enough to produce profound distinctions between the two revolutions. Although most scholars believe that the two revolutions influenced one another (as well as had profound worldwide impact), each revolution is a very distinct and singular struggle for freedom, identity, and an improved way of life. Indeed, scholars have built entire careers on this subject, and rich debate and information is available online or at your local li brary. However, here are a few fundamental elements shared by the revolutions, with involved but important differences highlighted CausesBoth the American Revolution and the French Revolution were borne of dire economic conditions. Economic challenges definitely contributed to the rear end for both revolutions. However, each nations money-related woes were quite unique. The American Revolution had roots in the financial pressure that Britain placed on the New World because Britain was economically dependent on the colonies, it unplowed taxing them. However, the colonists didnt oppose the taxation itself. They were more vexed by the lack of a reasonable basis for the taxation, feeling that they received little or no benefit from their unds that were being spent back in the old country. This phenomenoncommonly known as taxation without representationinfuriated the colonies, building the basis for their revolt. Classic images of hungry, poverty-stricken French peasants are still fam iliar. Indeed, the pre-revolution French economy was dismal and had been for decades. As a second-tier trading nation, France was unable to pay off national debts using the scant amount of money it received on the taxes for traded goods. To make up for this deficit, the King imposed further taxes, especially on the peasants.Paradoxically, the wealthiest nobles were not oblige to pay taxes. This allowed the King to successfully sell titles, pulling the two social classes further apart. So although the British tax-related woes were also tied to royal greed and exploitatory control, they were relatively common to any new colonist establishment. Frances case, while certainly tax-related, was more deeply rooted in a historic division of social class. Although the rich and poor had long been separated, the Kings selling of titles totally isolated the two groups.This resulted in famine and extreme poverty for the glare classes, and left them no choice but to revolt. Goals Both revolution s were undertaken with the goal of independence in mind. The American Revolution was not initially or even in general fought for independence. Independence almost became a by-product of the colonists initial attempt to remove unfair taxes levied on them by British Parliament. On the other hand, Frances decades of class division and its burgeoning interest in thinkers like Rousseau (who emphasized the importance of human rights) sparked a popular interest in a more independent way of life.The influence of speeches, articles, and pamphlets from gifted writers and orators like revolution leaders Jacques-Pierre Brissot and Maximillien Robespierre also fueled this desire for freedom. Finally, the success of the American Revolution (and the colonists resulting independence from British rule) arguably acted as an incentive for revolt. American-French Relationships Both revolutions spurred a strong response from the other nation. Before 1789, most people (excluding the Americans of the new United States) lived with the general form of government their ancestors had known for centuries, sually hereditary monarchy. After the French Revolution began in 1789, no form of government could be accepted as legitimate without justification. The revolutionaries established a republic in 1792, and henceforth republicans around the world would challenge monarchists. Overall, the French Revolution offered the world something totally novel an ideology that allowed and encouraged the questioning of historic power structures. This ideology borne of the French Revolution laid the groundwork for other ideologies, including nationalism, socialism, and eventually communism.In fact, early communist leaders Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels both commented extensively on the French Revolution, hoping to find important lessons for building and governing communities. North Americans showed special interest in the French Revolution, believing the events of 1789 drew heavily on their own experienc e with Britain. The French result of the Rights of Man and Citizen seemed to borrow strikingly from the states bill of rights. Even more direct influence took place when American Thomas Jefferson, resident in France at this time, passed along specific ideas to the legislators through the Marquis de Lafayette.Although the French Revolution took a far different path than the North American variety, this interaction was close, so it is not surprising that the initial U. S. reaction to the French Revolution was positive. Not all Americans approved of the Frances methods. For example, John Adams declared his early and ongoing disapproval, and the Federalist Partys support began to waver toward the Revolutions end. The Reign of Terror also did little to create American approval and drew criticism from some gravid American statesmen.However, the Jefferson-led Republican Party remained largely supportive throughout most of the revolutionary decade. Famous Documents Both revolutions produc ed similar and seminal political documents. The answer of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was adopted in France in August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly. Drafted by the Marquis de Lafayette, it was intended as part of a transition from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy, and presented the ideas of popular sovereignty and equal opportunity.This document, which defined a set of universal individual and collective rights, was to be considered valid in all times, in all places, for all people. This novel way of thinking totally contradicted the traditional French idea of people being born into a aristocracy or into another favored class. It also eliminated the concept of people enjoying or being denied special rights based on family lineage of status, which clearly dismantled centuries of French ruling structure. The principles outlined in the Declaration sprung from the theories of philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other Enlightenment thinkers.However, the F rench Declaration is at least partly inspired by the declaration of piece Rights contained in the U. S. Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, and on the Virginia Declaration of Rights, developed by American George Mason in June 1776, which was itself based on the English 1689 tool of Rights. The Declaration of the Rights of Man also showed similarities to the United States Constitution (1787) and the United States Bill of Rights, which was adopted in 1789, at approximately the same time as the Declaration of the Rights of Man.Like the U. S. Constitution, The French Declaration provided for a national defense, and emphasized equality before taxation (which was distinctly different from traditional France, in which the Catholic Church and the nobility were exempt from most taxes). Like these American documents, Frances Declaration prohibits ex post facto application of criminal law and proclaims the presumption of innocence to a crime suspect. Finally, the Declaratio n of the Rights of Man and the Citizen provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and addresses freedom of religion.The Declaration departs from seminal American documents in some important ways. Its vital to note that the Declaration is largely individualistic. It focuses less on the rights of a political or religious group and more on the singular citizen, thus straying from Americas we the people stance. The Declaration also fails to address the freedom of assembly, liberty of association, or the right to strike, which were important American tenets. Differences Self-Identification and Independence * France was a well-established nation long before the French revolution. It was not facing any acute external dangers in the late 1780s.In contrast, the American revolution was a struggle for self-identification and independence from another nation. In France, the essential motive of the revolution was a stratification transformation of the society because the third estate saw t he clergy and the nobles as social parasites. Attitudes Toward Monarchy * The Americans were not anti-monarchists from the very start. They considered their rights as the British subjects were being violated, and their main complaints were aimed against the British Parliament. In France, the revolution was very much against the monarch and his power.Revolutionists saw the monarch as a traitor and acted crisply toward the royal family. That led them to accuse the monarch of conspiracies against the French people, which in turn led to the execution of the royal family. Social Stratification * Social equality was not the main concern of the American revolution. Slavery was abolished in the Northern states, but it did not drastically influence the social stratification of American society. In France, the all in all social structure was made up of three traditional estates clergy, nobles and others. The revolution transformed all of them.Elimination of the traditional privileges based on the social origin was the main goal of the French revolution. Revolution and Religion * The American patriots did want to break with the Church of England, but the American revolution was not driven by a religious goal. The French revolution was, and it accomplished most of those goals. It eliminated the privileges of the clergy. Monasteries and churches were closed, the monks and nuns were encouraged to return to the private life. Many priests were killed. The Cult of Reason emerged during the revolution as part of the new Frances plan to de-Christianize the country.It stressed enlightenment and rationalism over the believe of a deity. Revolutionary Values and Mottos * John Locke formulated three basic values which were adopted by the American patriots life, liberty and property. They fought for the idea that governments were obliged to preserve these values. The French revolution proclaimed three values too liberty, equality and brotherhood, or death. The stick up part was ado pted during the period of terror in 1793-1794. Thus, the common value shared by both revolutions was the pursuit of liberty.

First Week Reflection

Amazing and Pretty Traveling is always interesting. As we move from one get into to another for recreation, to visit different places, to see the beauty, to watch out the modern world. We usually take a great dwell having a Joyful conk out in new places which we had never seen before. We anticipate so much wow to the place where we are going somewhere to visit. I was so much woolgather about the United States to go.And when I got a chance to go for ICE in United States, I started wondering how beautiful would be the place and university nature. Generally, I had a experienced on my past to leave home and arrive at the university. I found the difference in my expectations and the observations as soon as I attend this university. I got to know that there are also some smaller and beautiful cities in this country. After residing in this city, I make and cooperate with many friends from different nations with different races, religion, ethnics and so on.But I found no difference in th em. I Just gained an excessive and desirable experience to talk with them. Not only this, I felt that Im getting the most advanced education in an affordable cost than any other institutions in whole United States. I am feeling so much excitement to meet new friends, new lecturers and others. The another thing is that I m having a new food that differ from my previous food. I feel uneasy with them and I think that it will be as used to slowly.It was rather interesting to taste a new one before but not as a whole. However, Im experiencing a DOD time at ECHO. I am enjoying most of the things beside some difficulties. Whenever I have problems, I suddenly ask my lecturers n if possible meet to my advisor. But every difficulties is the way of emotional state and showing the right path to earn a meaningful livelihood as I think. Hoping all as the essentials of my life that I encountered, it seems normal Upton now, so amazing so pretty at ECHO.

Week Discussion

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History of immigration

Your huddled masses yearning to brrusthe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. enthrall these, the homeless, tempest-tots to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door Do our immigration policies still honor the words compose by Emma Lazarus in 1883 on the base of the Statue of Liberty, and if so, what impact do they behave on our providence?The turn of whether our parsimony is impacted negativity or supportively by undocumented workers and what should be done round It Is a widely debated topic in this rural area right instantly and reported about on either form of media (news, print, social) available on a dally basis. The Issue of undocumented Immigration Is burning(prenominal) It concerns fundamental, moral and economic questions about how we deal with Immigration In our boorish. Various arguments have been feeded about this issue.We go forth consider the argument from plenty who feel the undocumented workers negatively affect the economy, why those vi ews are flawed, analyze the evolution of immigration along with immigration policies and what are in effect concisely, what policies would promote change regarding immigration, as well as how we can course a bridge between the two arguments. I provide then drift forward suggestions for the introduction of ways in which we can begin the changes in insurance policy to best suit both sides of the argument. It has been argued that undocumented workers drain the economy and merely benefit a some businesses at the expense of Americans citizens.An article written by Steven Amalgam, published in the City Journal summer prison term 2006, supports the belief unskilled, undocumented workers benefit a handful of Industries by getting economic crisis embody wear, and the tax take overers foot the bill. In other words, undocumented workers and their illegal families are a drain on our economy. It is claimed that they send every penny they earn to their democracy of origin, use publ ic services they are not entitled to, come menial labor, do not pay taxes and their children abuse the right to public services and education.However, as the booklet by Neighborhood center states in fact t present is no question as to the immensity of the buying power of undocumented immigrants. The real predictor of wage disparity is not whether someone is an immigrant (regardless of status), it is insufficiency of education. Foreign- natural entrepreneurs with startups businesses have been behind 25 percent of these businesses in this country. Three quarters of the undocumented Immigrants pay payroll taxes and they contri plainlye $7 billion In Social Security funds annually without the energy to collect Social Security.While the majority of the children of undocumented Immigrants are born here legally and are pensionable to public services and education, their parents for fear of deportation are negative impact on the economy is Just a myth there is a net benefit to th e nations total economic output superlative it by a reported $21. 5 billion per year (USA Today). In addition, according to a register by the investment research company, Standard & Poors, the cost of providing services to undocumented workers is largely offset by the economic benefits they generate. We can see why if you look at the economic effect on the country without researching your views toughly, on the surface you may be able to put together a shaky argument, barely after researching the facts you do see that undocumented workers actually boost our economy, as we see in Gordon H. Hansoms, The policy-making economy and Policy report of illegal immigration in the United States the current regime of illegal immigration, contempt its faults, has been efficiently beneficial to US employers that they are doubtful about the capacity of Congress to improve the federal agency and therefore unwilling to take the political risk of supporting reform.The collected taxes impact our economy now while baby boomers are starting to collect their Social Security benefits they boost the system by the unconvertible funds of undocumented workers. Before we can understand how we arrived at the present immigration policies here in America, we must look back at the evolution of immigration and immigration policy from the 1600 to present time. Our long economic history in America has been shaped by the groups of immigrants that have settled here, what contributions to the economy they brought with them and how the immigration policy changed in response to the influx of each group of immigrants.We will start our suss out looking at a few immigration groups, the changes made to our immigration policies starting with the English Settlers with traders and their contributions to the economy to present day influx of Middle Eastern and Latin origin immigrants benefiting our economy with access to low cost and back breakout labor. In the 1600 hundreds the traders that were bro ught by the English settlers not only brought the spices and hard goods to trade, they brought break ones back labor for trading as well.This group, African slaves would grow quickly to 20 percent of the population providing cheapjack labor, and since they were considered property, they were not allowed to be naturalized till 1870. Many different groups came and made contributions to the economy of cheap labor with their meat processing skills, work ethic and willingness to take on highly dangerous back breaking Jobs. With each new group the policy changed the first immigration law enacted in 1790 (after nearly a century of unregulated immigration and massive economic growth) began defining and restricting citizenship to the United States.The act of 1790 was revised, advance restricting and adding requirements for obtaining citizenship. The Asian immigrants experienced a similar exclusionary period as did the Africans they were allowed to await in the US but were not allowed to become citizens until 1943 when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was repealed. prexy Ronald Reagan was instrumental in bringing forth the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.Many revisions have been made to the immigration laws, but t was never as publicized as after September 1 1, 2001 when fear of Terrorism brought the invite for reform so we can exclude individuals suspected to be terrorists. Presently the immigration laws are not an easy path to becoming legal and are not family friendly because they separate parents from their American born children Just life. Americas immigration system is outdated, unsuited to the needs of our economy and to the values of our country.We should not be means with laws that punish hardworking people and deny businesses willing workers and invite chaos at our borders. George W. Bush, February 2, 2005. George w. Bush and Barack Obama did not agree on many things, but They share a belief that the high levels of illegal immigration are an indication of the current policy be broken, and that immigrants by and large make a positive contribution to America. We need immigration reform that will secure our borders, and.. That finally brings 12 million people who are here illegally out of the shadowsWe must assert our values and reconcile our principles as a nation of immigrants and a nation of laws. Barack Obama, June 28, 2008. Two Presidents, from two different political parties, with very efferent political views share the same view that our immigration system is broken. What changes should be made to the immigration policy here in America? How will those changes affect the economy? What is the moral impact on families? These are questions which depart many philosophers, labor unions, political parties, the people within political parties, the people in nail salons and Americans in general.Peter Brooklime (1999), a political philosopher, a ND supporter of placing restrictions on immigration that would all but end immigration to this country, believes the current immigration policies second guess the American people and Jeopardize our nation. brimless beliefs historically were supported by Labor unions and their leaders, yet even these groups are realizing that the fig of immigrant union members has been cursorily increasing (Migration Policy institute 2004) and if they do not begin to embrace the immigrants a large number of their membership base will disappear and possibly their existence as well.To the other extreme, Walter Block argues the likes of tariffs and exchange mark offs, migration barriers of whatever type are egregious locations of laissez-flare capitalism (Block 1998 168). The Democratic Party says they support immigration reform and point fingers at the Republican Party for not having it done yet. Ironically, a Republican President supported and pushed for the most encompassing reform possible Amnesty in 1996. We need to arrive at a compromise of the two schools of thought.Y es we do have to protect ourselves from terrorists and criminals, but not at the cost of our crops not being picked or produce being too high to purchase, our manicures and pedicures getting out of control price sis or our restaurants having to raise prices so high only the rich could afford to eat out. We need to also morally take into consideration families. Why should I, a second generation American( maternal(p) side of my family) and a multi generation American( on the maternal side of my family), with children who are first generation Americans be denied my late mother in law to visit and stay with us as long as is mutually agreed upon.The Consulate in Ecuador at first denied us a visa for my Mother in Law. I had to fight for my rights as an American to bring her home with me. They only gave her a 3 month visa. I also had to close my eyes after the three month visa expired to her being illegally in America. So Americas immigration policy made this grandmother a criminal. Whil e we forge on what to do about immigration we must control ourselves from falling subject to xenophobia, misconceptions and political rhetoric.We do need to continue with researching the brings forth in their applications to come to America or that are here presently illegally. The paperwork involved should not be so difficult that we only advance the economy by creating further Jobs in the immigration law field. If you have family here already and have been contributing to our economy by your hard work, contributing to our economy through your spending power and good civic behavior, why should you have a difficult path to legalization?Simplify paperwork, intensify background checks of those applying and their family members here and in their country of origin, require medical examination and familiarity service components in the legalization path. Allow those that are here to pay a nominal fee, submit simple applications to change their immigration status from illegal to in pr ocess of globalization and come out of the shadows. This will really protect our borders by knowing who is here amongst us.Willingness to do good works for the many non- profit organizations that exist should be much more weighty than your financial resources in your country of origin in any path to legalization. Policy should be put in place allowing immigrants here to move from illegal to citizen in a reasonable amount of time with the before mentioned components built in so we can weed out the criminals not willing to live by our laws and contribute to our society and support he growth of our country, while rewarding the immigrants that with their diversity and civic responsibility add to the strength of our country.These policies would improve the type of applicant, quash need for expense of immigration lawyers, and reduce the need to spend on expensive man power in INS offices, and embassies, move the emphases on skilled, community minded, productive, family oriented immigran ts willing to pay their taxes and contribute to diversity and economic growth of our wonderful country. We need to build a bridge between the main two arguments of public safety nickering terrorists and Jeopardizing our economy, as well as moral fiber with policies that will have protections of the many while also representing the fiber that made our country what it is.Allowing the right wing to impose restrictions on immigration based on fear is not in the best interest of our country. In conclusion, we are a nation of immigrants. The only Americans that truly belong here is those with Native American Indian ancestry. The rest of the American population is either descendents of immigrants or immigrants themselves some by choice and others forced to migrate due to refugee, slavery etc. Our Country was made by immigrants, and this is a supporting case point to continue allowing immigration at a fairly high level.

Civilization in Paleolithic Era

Topic To what extent does the hypothesis of bona fide, to that extent missing, civilization in the Palaeolithic sequence make virtuoso to you? Palaeolithic pie-eyeding grey-headed oppose, which is about (2. 6 million historic period 300,000 years ago). Having a Lower, Middle and Upper stone mount for Palaeolithic. In the Palaeolithic era climate was the pacemaker of change. As the world grew colder, the new climatic conditions dependant the habitat, certain species disappe atomic number 18d. Every condemnation the climate changed the new conditions suited other animals. Each Ice time last among fifty and a hundred thousand years as so mentioned in The New Penguin History of the World written by J.M Roberts. He mentions Evidence of the glaciations and their effects is now lendable from all oceans and continents and they provide the backbone for prehistory chronology. I did research and came across a website http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2004/04/040421234349. htm . It has evidence that supports the terzetto major glaciation events that occurred in the past. Robert Tucker and Zhanxiong Peng of the De ramifyment of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Washington University of St. Louis implicated that thither would be no communication betwixt the atmosphere and the ocean.The deep ocean would quickly become discharge of oxygen because light would not be able to penetrate the frappe to fuel algae. Above the ice, on that point would be little rain or snow because in that location would be little evaporation. Many organisms that lived in milder conditions would become extinct. Investigation shows that there are at least three levels of glacial deposits. Each ice age destroyed the habitats of creatures that had adapted to the arctic condition. But after each glaciation new species spread. As time went on, one branch lead to apes and the other lead to human beings, this line was named hominids.Indicated by J. M Roberts, The runner hominid fossil put in in Kenya and Ethiopia are dated only 4. 5 million years ago. But then a French fossil hunter discovered a fossil in Chadian desert year 2001 nearly complete cranium, pieces of jawbone and teeth. They pinned down the age of this fossil, which they say is between 6. 8 and 7. 2 million years old. (In figation found in http//afp. google. com/article/ALeqM5gjCJ41Mm-Li6gU9Rd4n1DXPlm7Gg . ) So as to what is happening, fossil hunters, geologist, archeologist, scientist etc. keep discovering new fossils with different ages and keep pushing back our timelines. So saying the equity we are not sure exactly when the hominids where first taking place in our timeline. Who knows what there is hitherto to be discovered. Going to a description and comparison of a hominid and primate. Those with a small cranium were consider primates because the brain was not too intelligent. As time went on the brain genuine little by little. More common sense, but as that happened the brain grew, there fore having a some(prenominal) bigger cranium, which were then classified as hominids.Hominids developed reasoning, a sense of communication and had a remains of control, which is the beginning of the creation of human beings. Primates communicate with signals, went on natural instincts, and had no system of control. Their regularity was adaptation to life and the environment around them. Which if Im not mistaken is what we now vociferate wild animals. We are the top of the food chain. We are the fittest to survival. Why, because we take a shit intelligence, logic and reasoning. We have common sense to avoid casual mistakes that can cause our lives. Professor Paul S.Burdett from Raritan Valley Community College, Branchburg NJ wrote a document named What Is Human? . It describes three main parts of what makes us human and has a comparison to what is not classified to be human. 1. Reasoning is the power to imply, and understand. Mind solves problems and the body has a reaction t o everything but think before react. As for primates, theyre mind and reactions are not reasonable like ours. 2. Language is our form of communication. Without communication we have nothing. With language we have grammar and syntax an arrangement that focuses on a copulationship between words. . System of control, which keeps things organized. Having a social life. Under that category come family, tribes, and clans. Which are all in relation and come with a natural connectivity as in a connection in blood or DNA. Examples mother, son, grandfather, cousins, aunts, including mother-in-law and so on. Now beyond that comes communities, societies, culture and civilization. Which is an organization of non-related people. People working together to make a living. As for primates, they only go with their instincts and communicate with signals.And cannot go any much further than that. So my description for being a human is one who exhibits a sense of humanity, compassion, civilization, and consideration towards mankind. An understanding, organization, and sense of communication. So is it assertable that such a civilization could have existed? There was a point in time where the hominids discrete to just settle down. Having water, and food near them. So they did not have to travel far. In the play tools were created, fire, a sense a religion, a stable living style, a sense of emotion, farming.All of these things is what started civilization. And civilization was not established until the Upper Palaeolithic date. Without everything being done, no civilization would have been created. Till this day discoveries are made. The only way to know if something really existed is by evidence. And by evidence I mean fossils, skeletons, art, spartan goods, ARTIFACTS Artifacts is all we have. The only problem is that from what I have understood is that we have more evidence deviation towards the Upper Palaeolithic Era. In J. M Roberts book (Book 1, Chapter 2, last paragraph o n pg. 1) he stated, To break down Upper and Lower Palaeolithic is easy the division represents the physical facts the most recent and therefore fossils and artifacts found among them are later found then lower. Meaning more evidence is found in the Upper. most all the artifacts that survived in Palaeolithic are made from stone, none are made of metal which stone artifacts provide the largest significant body of evidence. So from what is seems stones where most likely to be preserved then metal. neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food producing techniques.The make of small groups of hunter, gatherers that had hitherto dominated human history into sedentary societies based in built up villages and towns, which radically modified their natural environment by means of specialized food crop nicety that allowed extensive surplus food production. These developments provided the basis for high population density settlements, specialized and complex chore diversification, trading economies, the development of art, architecture, and culture. All these things are well described in a book called The disruption The Origins Of Civilization written by Martha Lamberg-Karlovsky.The Revolution developed independently in different parts of the world, not just in the Fertile Crescent. The Mediterranean climate has a long dry season with a short period of rain, which made it suitable for small plants with large seeds, like wheat and barley. The Oasis Theory, earlier proposed by Raphael Pumpelly in 1908, maintains that as the climate got drier due to the Atlantic depressions shifting northward, communities contracted to oases where they were strained into close association with animals, which were then domesticated together with planting of seeds.Agriculture, known as farming. Which was turning point. No more long travel, everything at hand and the sense of trading. With trading came leader, which meant government. With all that said societies. In this part of time, known art was a way of recording things in their time. There were caves that have been found with cut drawings. Showing life itself, and how everything was before. Art created by stones, mud as paint, and drawings on top of other drawings creating stories that have yet to be discovered.Every time we think we found the oldest society another older one pops up. common life was not able to be recorded. Communication was not able to be recorded. Records in that era took a lot of time and dedication. So in our sense, was there civilization in the Palaeolithic Era? I think there was. Even though there isnt much evidence, it actually makes sense. equivalent in the quote, If a tree falls in the forest but no one is there to hear it, does it still make a sound? Just because we did not witness it, it does not mean it did not exist.

Innocence project paper Essay

Since 1992, almost collar vitamin C good deal in the linked States charter been ex whizrated by the Innocence Project. What this means is that almost third hundred people pay been acquitted for a crime that they were ridiculously convicted of committing and were then released back into society. some(prenominal) of these false convictions were the result of a lack of technology back in the time of the trials which lead to unvalidated or unconventional use of forensic science. Some additional reasons that people are unconventionally convicted are misidentifications from eyewitnesses and false confessions. In this paper, I plan to write close to Kenneth Ireland. His story shows how wrongful convictions and exonerations are issues in the United States.On September 3, 1986, when Kenneth was only sixteen years old, a thirty year old cleaning woman named Barbara Pelkey was found dead in the factory where she worked overnight. She had been attackd and suffered a massive blow t o the head. Kenneth heard about the crime while watching from his bedroom and was stunned that something that horrific could happen to somebody in his crushed town. There was an autopsy go ine on the victim as well as a rape kit being collected. The rape kit found that there were sperm cells present on the vaginal and anal swabs. The probe continued for an a nonher(prenominal) year without any arrests, provided soon after both informants came to the police and acc utilise Kenneth Ireland and ii other custody of committing the crime.The police said that the two witnesses had claimed that Kenneth and the other custody were making statements to them about their involvement in the crime. In addition to that information, these informants had alike given additional unpublished details about the crime and had told the police that their knowledge of this information had come straight from Kenneth Ireland. Six months later, a third informant came to the police and told them that Ken neth had admitted to committing the crime. The informant wasnt sure if Kenneth was awake at the time he had made the statements, nor was she sure that she hadnt imagined them being said. All she was sure of that night was that she was drunk. Ultimately, because of these three informants, Kenneth Ireland was charged with felony murder, initiatory degree sexual assault and third degree burglary.Despite being one of the three men that were accused of committing the crime, only Kenneth Ireland was assay for the crime. One of the three men had drowned before the trial took place and the other was never tried for some reason unknown to me. The trial was held in 1989, and Irelands attorney tried to prove that the initial two informants had presented false information to the police. They were thought to be protecting a nonher effectiveness suspect in the case.This other potential suspect had admitted to making inconsistent remarks to the police while the investigation was still ongoing. However, Irelands attorney was stopped by the judge when he attempted to present show up regarding this other suspect. A police officer had stated during the trial that the fingerprints at the crime thought were not a match to Kenneths fingerprints and in addition to that a forensic analyst confirmed that the hairs from the dead reckoning were different from those of Kenneth. It was determined via the same analyst that the seeded player found in the rape kit was from a non-secretor. A non-secretor is a person whose blood type is not exhibited in their bodily secretions.Kenneth Ireland, along with twenty percent of all men, is a non-secretor, and the sample was also consistent with that of the victim. This meant that nobody could be excluded from the crime. During the first dilate of the deliberations, the jury was split 6-6. After three additional days, the jury had found Kenneth Ireland guilty and he was sentenced to lambert years in prison. It was said that Kenneth Ireland was convicted because he could not be ruled out of the blood or seminal evidence, his lawyer didnt challenge that evidence, and his lawyer didnt arrogate Kenneth on the stand.In 1991, Ireland had appealed his conviction, stating that the two informants had been given a twenty thousand clam reward in exchange for his implication. Ireland also declared that his attorney was un fitted to present evidence that would indicate another alternative suspect. This appeal would ultimately be denied. They again tried to appeal in 1999, when the biological evidence was put into desoxyribonucleic acid testing but results were proved nothing. It wasnt until 207 that the Connecticut Innocence Project started to review Irelands case. With the help of new DNA testing methods, they were able to test the DNA evidence and rule out Kenneth as the person obligated for Barbara Pelkeys murder. It then took another two years for Ireland to receive a new trial, where he was prove innocent and allowed t o be afree man. He ended up spending nineteen and a half years in prison for a crime he did not commit.As of today, Kenneth Ireland has not been compensated for his wrongful conviction and prison time. However, he and his lawyer hasten filed an eight jillion dollar claim against the state of Connecticut for the wrongful conviction. Im not sure that eight million dollars is enough to compensate for almost twenty critical years of his life. He missed out on some of the most important years in anyones life and it is very difficult to put a price on something like that. Some good news is that the real killer has been found. In 2009, the blood evidence at the scene that was tested turned out to be that of Kevin Benefield. Kevin was initially a suspect when the investigation began, but the focus shifted towards Ireland.He worked at a deli near Pelkeys workplace and was connected to her sexually but he denied the murder. Kevin was convicted in January of 2012 of the murder and felony mur der of Barbara Pelkey. Both of those crimes swing twenty five to sixty years of prison time penalties. I think that it will be much harder for things like this happen in the future in the manner that it did in Kenneth Irelands case. It seemed to me that one of the major areas of evidence towards his conviction was the semen sample. He could not be ruled out because it was the semen of a non-secretor and he was a non-secretor. With the advances in DNA testing technology, they can test the semen and well identify whose it is. This would have immediately been great evidence in proving that Ireland was innocent.I dont genuinely understand how the hair and fingerprint evidence werent weighed more heavily. If it was proven that the fingerprints and the hair at the scene of the crime werent his, that seems to me that it should have been pretty good evidence in his favor. To me it seems like he wasnt given a fair chance at being proven innocent. In my opinion, this was a quite a unfortu nate trial for Kenneth Ireland. The fact that people were being paid off to implicate him was unlucky, and I looking at like this is what really pushed him into the situation he was in.Even though his hair and fingerprints werent at the scene, because these three people came to the police saying that Kenneth had admitted to committing the crime really set him up for conviction. The blood and semen, which wasnt able to be thoroughly examined due to the limitations in technology couldnt save him because he was one of the twenty percent of all men who are non-secretors.Due to this, he could not be ruled out, compensate though to me it seems that if his hair and fingerprints werent present at the crime scene it wasnt him who committed the crime. It also seems that his lawyer didnt do a great job either. They had evidence to show the court that was denied that would have been really good for Kenneths case and he never had Kenneth go on the stand. I dont know everything about the rules of a trial, but if there is evidence that can prove someones innocence, there must be something that you as a lawyer can do to get hold the court to see it. It is that important. It is terrible that Kenneth had to suffer for almost twenty years in prison for a crime that he did not commit and I couldnt imagine what he must have went through. It really is a shame that the DNA testing technology couldnt have been implemented or used earlier to at least lessen the nightmare that he had to endure.In conclusion, the amount of wrongful convictions that have taken place in the United States is too high. Lying informants, incorrect eyewitness reports, and the improper use of forensic science are many reasons that people are wrongfully convicted. Thankfully, there have been incredible advances in the technology used to test DNA that can now be used to help these wrongfully convicted people get back to the free world.Its terrible to think of the years that they lost or even the lives that th ey might have lost if they were given the death penalty, but at least organizations like the Innocence Project are doing what they can to exonerate these wrongfully convicted people. The story of Kenneth Ireland is a sad tale of a young man falsely committed of raping and murdering a woman. He spend nineteen and a half years in prison for a crime he did not commit, missing out on his entire twenties and most of his thirties. These years are critical for people as they go to college, begin a career, and start a family. These are years that he cannot get back, but he is very fortunate to have the ability to move on as a free man as he looks towards the future.Works CitedDavis, Mark. Freed by DNA, Ireland Speaks out. WTNH TV. N.p., n.d. Web. 06Apr. 2013. . The Innocence Project Know the Cases stag ProfilesKenneth Ireland. The Innocence Project Know the Cases Browse ProfilesKenneth Ireland. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. . Kenneth Ireland. Kenneth Ireland. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 201 3. . Kovner, Josh, and Alaine Griffin. Man Wrongly Imprisoned Plans To Skip Convicted Murderers Sentencing. Hartford Courant. N.p., 21 Mar. 2012. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. . Sentencing Today In 1986 CT Murder After Earlier Wrongful Conviction. CBS refreshful York. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2013. .